From a Different Star: 3I/ATLAS in the Context of the Ōtautahi–Oxford Interstellar Object Population Model

Journal article

The discovery of the third interstellar object (ISO), 3I/ATLAS (“3I”), provides a rare chance to directly observe a small body from another solar system. Studying its chemistry and dynamics will add to our understanding of how the processes of planetesimal formation and evolution happen across the Milky Way’s disk, and how such objects respond to the Milky Way’s potential. In this Letter, we present a first assessment of 3I in the context of the Ōtautahi–Oxford model, which uses data from Gaia in conjunction with models of protoplanetary disk chemistry and Galactic dynamics to predict the properties of the ISO population. The model shows that both the velocity and radiant of 3I are within the expected range. Its velocity predicts an age of over 7.6 Gyr and a high water mass fraction, which may become observable shortly. We also conclude that it is very unlikely that 3I shares an origin with either of the previous two ISO detections.

Authors: Hopkins, MJ; Dorsey, RC; Forbes, JC; Bannister, MT; Lintott, CJ

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: American Astronomical Society
• Journal: The Astrophysical Journal Letters
• Volume: 990
• Issue: 2
• Article number: L30
• Publication date: 2025-09-01
• Acceptance date: 2025-08-13
• DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/adfbf4
• EISSN: 2041-8213
• ISSN: 2041-8205
• Language: English
• Keywords: Interstellar objects