Clinical Outcome After Surgery for Fracture-Related Infection Is Dependent on Both Microbiology and the Host Inflammatory Response

Journal article

Microbiological culture and histology of deep tissue specimens are independent diagnostic criteria in fracture-related infection (FRI). However, the association between these tests has rarely been investigated, particularly in relation to clinical outcome after treatment. Patients undergoing surgery for International Consensus-confirmed FRI were included. All had ≥5 tissue specimens taken for microbiological culture and 2-3 for histology. The correlation between cultured pathogen, histological positivity (defined as ≥5 polymorphonuclear neutrophils/high power field), and outcome at one year after surgery was explored. FRI was confirmed in 430 patients, predominantly in the tibia (194), femur (111), upper limb (70), and ankle (40). A total of 321 (74.7%) were culture-positive and 334 (77.7%) were histology positive, while 265 (61.6%) were positive for both tests. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured in 169 (42.5%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) in 61 (15.3%), and Gram-negatives in 145 (36.3%) cases. Virulent microorganisms were strongly associated with positive histology (odds ratio 2.72; 95% CI 1.61-4.58) but not with clinical failure (OR 1.08; 0.42-2.75). Isolation of S. aureus was significantly associated with positive histology compared to other microorganisms (OR 2.21; 1.27-3.87). Surgery succeeded in 390 (90.7%) patients. Treatment failure was weakly associated with positive microbiology alone (OR 2.03; 0.83-4.96) or positive histology alone (OR 2.13; 0.81-5.6). Combined positive culture and histology was strongly associated with clinical failure (OR 2.3; 1.06-4.96). There was no difference in outcome between virulent and non-virulent bacteria when histology was positive, but both had higher failure rates compared to patients with negative culture or histology. A pronounced inflammatory response, as seen in histology, is a feature of virulent bacterial FRI. However, the presence of virulent infection alone does not dictate clinical outcome without marked inflammation. This suggests that outcome is at least as much related to the host response as to the bacterium. When the pathological response is prominent, this may lead to tissue necrosis, further bacterial invasion of adjacent tissues, osteolysis and loss of fracture stability, contributing to treatment failure. This deserves further study to understand the mechanisms behind this interplay and clinical outcome.

Authors: Corrigan, RA; Hotchen, AJ; Peterlin, AAN; Jensen, LK; McNally, M

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: MDPI
• Journal: Pathogens
• Volume: 15
• Issue: 5
• Pages: 532
• Publication date: 2026-05-14
• Acceptance date: 2026-05-08
• DOI: 10.3390/pathogens15050532
• EISSN: 2076-0817
• ISSN: 2076-0817
• Pmid: 42198659
• Language: English
• Keywords: Fracture-related Infection; Aged; Fri; Osteoimmunology; Treatment Outcome; Staphylococcal Infections; Histology; Humans; Middle Aged; Staphylococcus aureus; Immune response; Microbiology; Adult; Fractures, Bone; Female; Male; Clinical outcome; Treatment; Aged, 80 and over; Inflammation