Sampling Quantum States with Inequality Constraints

Journal article

Random samples of quantum states with specific properties are useful for various applications, such as Monte Carlo integration over the state space. In the high-dimensional situations that one already encounters when working with a few qubits, the quantum state space has a very complicated boundary, and it is challenging to incorporate the specific properties into the sampling algorithm. In this paper, we present the Sequentially Constrained Monte Carlo (SCMC) algorithm as a practical and versatile method for sampling quantum states in accordance with properties that can be stated as inequalities. We apply the SCMC algorithm to the generation of samples of bound entangled states; for example, we obtain nearly ten thousand bound, entangled, two-qutrit states in a few minutes, compared with less than ten such states per day from independence sampling in our implementation. In the second application, we draw samples of high-dimensional quantum states from a narrowly peaked target distribution and observe, for the system sizes investigated, that SCMC sampling remains computationally manageable as the dimensions grow. In yet another application, the SCMC algorithm produces uniformly distributed quantum states in regions bounded by values of the problem-specific target distribution; such samples are needed when estimating parameters from the probabilistic data acquired in quantum experiments.

Authors: Li, W; Han, R; Shang, J; Ng, HK; Englert, B

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: MDPI
• Journal: Entropy
• Volume: 28
• Issue: 6
• Pages: 614
• Article number: 614
• Publication date: 2026-05-29
• Acceptance date: 2026-05-26
• DOI: 10.3390/e28060614
• EISSN: 1099-4300
• ISSN: 1099-4300
• Language: English
• Keywords: 02.50.Ng; Markov chain; 03.65.Wj; bound entanglement; curse of dimensionality; computational cross norm; 03.65.Ud; positive partial transpose; quantum state sampling; realignment; Wishart distribution; 03.65.Aa; target distribution; sequentially constrained Monte Carlo; sequential Monte Carlo