Journal article
Different effects of cardiometabolic syndrome on brain age in relation to gender and ethnicity
- Abstract:
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Background
A growing body of evidence shows differences in the prevalence of cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) and dementia based on gender and ethnicity. However, there is a paucity of information about ethnic- and gender-specific CMS effects on brain age. We investigated the different effects of CMS on brain age by gender in Korean and British cognitively unimpaired (CU) populations. We also determined whether the gender-specific difference in the effects of CMS on brain age changes depending on ethnicity.
Methods
These analyses used de-identified, cross-sectional data on CU populations from Korea and United Kingdom (UK) that underwent brain MRI. After propensity score matching to balance the age and gender between the Korean and UK populations, 5759 Korean individuals (3042 males and 2717 females) and 9903 individuals from the UK (4736 males and 5167 females) were included in this study. Brain age index (BAI), calculated by the difference between the predicted brain age by the algorithm and the chronological age, was considered as main outcome and presence of CMS, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, obesity, and underweight was considered as a predictor. Gender (males and females) and ethnicity (Korean and UK) were considered as effect modifiers.
Results
The presence of T2DM and hypertension was associated with a higher BAI regardless of gender and ethnicity (p < 0.001), except for hypertension in Korean males (p = 0.309). Among Koreans, there were interaction effects of gender and the presence of T2DM (p for T2DM*gender = 0.035) and hypertension (p for hypertension*gender = 0.046) on BAI in Koreans, suggesting that T2DM and hypertension are each associated with a higher BAI in females than in males. In contrast, among individuals from the UK, there were no differences in the effects of T2DM (p for T2DM*gender = 0.098) and hypertension (p for hypertension*gender = 0.203) on BAI between males and females.
Conclusions
Our results highlight gender and ethnic differences as important factors in mediating the effects of CMS on brain age. Furthermore, these results suggest that ethnic- and gender-specific prevention strategies may be needed to protect against accelerated brain aging.
- Publication status:
- Published
- Peer review status:
- Peer reviewed
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(Preview, Version of record, pdf, 1.0MB, Terms of use)
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- Publisher copy:
- 10.1186/s13195-023-01215-8
Authors
+ Samsung Medical Center
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- Funder identifier:
- https://ror.org/05a15z872
- Grant:
- SMX1230081
- Programme:
- Future Medicine 20*30 Project
+ National Research Foundation of Korea
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- Funder identifier:
- https://ror.org/013aysd81
- Grant:
- 2022R1I1A1A01056956
- Programme:
- Basic Science Research Program
+ Korea University
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- Funder identifier:
- https://ror.org/047dqcg40
- Grant:
- K2210201
+ Medical Research Council
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- Funder identifier:
- https://ror.org/03x94j517
- Grant:
- MR/T033371/1
+ Ministry of Science and ICT
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- Funder identifier:
- https://ror.org/01wpjm123
- Grant:
- HU20C0111, HU22C0170
- Publisher:
- BioMed Central
- Journal:
- Alzheimer's Research and Therapy More from this journal
- Volume:
- 15
- Issue:
- 1
- Article number:
- 68
- Place of publication:
- England
- Publication date:
- 2023-03-30
- Acceptance date:
- 2023-03-20
- DOI:
- EISSN:
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1758-9193
- Pmid:
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36998058
- Language:
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English
- Keywords:
- Pubs id:
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1336431
- Local pid:
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pubs:1336431
- Deposit date:
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2025-06-25
- ARK identifier:
Terms of use
- Copyright holder:
- Kang et al.
- Copyright date:
- 2023
- Rights statement:
- © The Author(s) 2023. Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
- Licence:
- CC Attribution (CC BY)
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