The association between individual and neighbourhood-level measures of socioeconomic disadvantage and severe maternal morbidity, in the Netherlands, a retrospective cohort study

Geddes-Barton, D; Klootwijk, A; Ramakrishnan, R; Goldacre, R; Kiefte-de Jong, JC; Knight, M

Women's Health Collection

Journal article

The association between individual and neighbourhood-level measures of socioeconomic disadvantage and severe maternal morbidity, in the Netherlands, a retrospective cohort study

Abstract:: Socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with severe maternal morbidity (SMM), across high-income countries. However, neighbourhood-level measures of disadvantage, often used in population-based studies, may underestimate the effect of individual socioeconomic disadvantage. This study aimed to compare the strength of the associations between individual- and neighbourhood-level measures of socioeconomic disadvantage and SMM risk in a high-income country. We conducted a nationwide, population-based cohort study using the Dutch Data InfrAstructure for ParEnts and childRen (DIAPER). The cohort consisted of 832 866 women who gave birth in the Netherlands between 1 January 2012, and 31 December 2021. Multilevel multivariable Poisson regression was used to calculate adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for individual and neighbourhood-level measures of socioeconomic disadvantage. The role of pre-existing physical and mental health conditions in this association was examined using causal mediation analysis. Individual-level measures of socioeconomic disadvantage showed the strongest association with SMM, with the largest risk ratio of SMM between women with individual low educational attainment compared to those with high educational attainment (aRR 1.41, 95% CI 1.33-1.50), whereas the aRR for low compared to high neighbourhood education was 1.21 (95% CI 1.14-1.28). Physical health conditions mediated between 11% and 29% of the association with SMM across the different measures of disadvantage. Individual measures of socioeconomic position are more strongly associated with SMM than neighbourhood-level measures and pre-existing physical health conditions are important factors in this association. Future research should recognize the potential underestimation of risk when using neighbourhood-level disadvantage as a proxy for individual disadvantage.

Publication status:: Published

Peer review status:: Peer reviewed

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APA Style

Geddes-Barton, D., Klootwijk, A., Ramakrishnan, R., Goldacre, R., Kiefte-de Jong, J. C., & Knight, M. (2026). The association between individual and neighbourhood-level measures of socioeconomic disadvantage and severe maternal morbidity, in the Netherlands, a retrospective cohort study. European Journal of Public Health, 36(2), ckag050.

MLA Style

Geddes-Barton, D, et al. “The Association between Individual and Neighbourhood-Level Measures of Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Severe Maternal Morbidity, in the Netherlands, a Retrospective Cohort Study.” European Journal of Public Health, vol. 36, no. 2, 2026, p. ckag050.

Chicago Style

Geddes-Barton, D, A Klootwijk, R Ramakrishnan, R Goldacre, JC Kiefte-de Jong, and M Knight. 2026. “The Association between Individual and Neighbourhood-Level Measures of Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Severe Maternal Morbidity, in the Netherlands, a Retrospective Cohort Study.” European Journal of Public Health 36 (2): ckag050.
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