Independent and combined effects of long-term air pollution exposure and genetic predisposition on COVID-19 severity: a population-based cohort study

Journal article

The relationships between air pollution, genetic susceptibility, and COVID-19-related outcomes, as well as the potential interplays between air pollution and genetic susceptibility, remain largely unexplored. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess associations between long-term exposure to air pollutants and the risk of COVID-19 outcomes (infection, hospitalization, and death) in a COVID-19-naive cohort (n = 458,396). Additionally, associations between air pollutants and the risk of COVID-19 severity (hospitalization and death) were evaluated in a COVID-19 infection cohort (n = 110,216). Furthermore, this study investigated the role of host genetic susceptibility in the relationships between exposure to air pollutants and the development of COVID-19-related outcomes. Long-term exposure to air pollutants was significantly associated with an increased risk of COVID-19-related outcomes in the COVID-19 naive cohort. Similarly, in COVID-19 infection cohort, hazard ratios (HRs) for COVID-19 hospital admission were 1.23 (1.19, 1.27) for PM_2.5 and 1.22 (1.17, 1.26) for PM₁₀, whereas HRs for COVID-19 death were 1.28 (1.18, 1.39) for PM_2.5 and 1.25 (1.16, 1.36) for PM₁₀. Notably, significant interactions were found between PM_2.5/PM₁₀ and genetic susceptibility in COVID-19 death. In COVID-19 infection cohort, participants with both high genetic risk and high air pollutants exposure had 1.86- to 1.97-fold and 1.91- to 2.14-fold higher risk of COVID-19 hospitalization and death compared to those with both low genetic risk and low air pollutants exposure. Exposure to air pollution is significantly associated with an increased burden of severe COVID-19, and air pollution–gene interactions may play a crucial role in the development of COVID-19-related outcomes.

Authors: Ma, Y; Wang, J; Cui, F; Tang, L; Khalid, S

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
• Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
• Volume: 122
• Issue: 10
• Article number: e2421513122
• Publication date: 2025-03-03
• Acceptance date: 2025-01-13
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2421513122
• EISSN: 1091-6490
• ISSN: 0027-8424
• Pmid: 40030018
• Language: English
• Keywords: COVID-19; air pollutants; cohort study