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Learning the Manchu writing system: the role of intra-symbol processing in orthography acquisition

Abstract:
Characteristics of the Manchu writing system provide an excellent testing ground for current theorizing about orthography acquisition. Using traditionally demarcated orthographic units called uju hergen—symbol blocks representing phonological syllables—we investigated the role of visual features and phonological representations in learning the Manchu symbol set. Novice Manchu learners (n = 196; 89.8% female; Mage = 18.79) participated in two experiments. Experiment 1 focused on visual complexity effects and Experiment 2 on mapping complexity effects and switching costs. Among visual characteristics, the number of connected points was found to make a unique contribution to uju hergen recognition. Naming error rate was lower for a list of uju hergen with single (one-toone) mapping between a phoneme marker and sound compared to a matched list but with multiple (one-to-many) mapping. No switching cost was observed between lists with low- and high-switching-demand. Established explanatory constructs of grain size, orthographic depth and orthographic breadth, referenced together as the construct of orthographic scale, explain the results. But reading uju symbol blocks also requires processing within symbol blocks: at the visual level, connected points provide the sub-symbol cues to decompose discrete simple features and recompose them into phoneme markers; and at the level of phonological representation, the resultant markers must be read by appropriate symbolto-sound mapping. Together, our study expands theorising on orthography acquisition by bringing focus on the under-studied construct of intrasymbol processing.
Publication status:
Published
Peer review status:
Peer reviewed

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Publisher copy:
10.1002/rrq.70106

Authors

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Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
SSD
Department:
Education
Oxford college:
St Anne's College
Role:
Author
ORCID:
0000-0001-9399-0653
More by this author
Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
SSD
Department:
Education
Role:
Author
ORCID:
0000-0002-9557-4431


More from this funder
Funder identifier:
https://ror.org/04atp4p48
Funding agency for:
Li, B
Grant:
20140800025
More from this funder
Funder identifier:
https://ror.org/03jqs2n27
Grant:
FRG-24-018-UIC


Publisher:
Wiley
Journal:
Reading Research Quarterly More from this journal
Volume:
61
Issue:
2
Pages:
e70106
Publication date:
2026-03-31
Acceptance date:
2026-02-24
DOI:
EISSN:
1936-2722
ISSN:
0034-0553


Language:
English
Keywords:
Pubs id:
2381550
Local pid:
pubs:2381550
Deposit date:
2026-02-25
ARK identifier:

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