How England got to mandatory biodiversity net gain: A timeline

Journal article : Review

Biodiversity net gain (BNG) is a “net outcome” planning policy which aims for development projects to leave biodiversity in a better state than before they started. Understanding the origins and history of existing mandatory BNG is necessary to understand the drivers and barriers that have influenced the policy to date and could inform the development and implementation of future BNG policies. Biodiversity net gain legislation was first discussed in Parliament in England through the passage of the Environment Act (2021) and became a mandatory requirement for most terrestrial and intertidal developments in February 2024. The policy uses habitat attributes as a proxy for biodiversity and represented the widest reaching net outcome policy in the world at the point of its introduction. As such, it is expected to have a significant impact on future land use decisions in England. This paper uses a mixture of literature review and the knowledge of those involved in the early stages of this BNG policy development in England to present a timeline of the stages that have led to mandatory biodiversity net gain. In doing so, we highlight formative events and documents, as an important first step in understanding its history and understanding how this can be used to inform future biodiversity policy.

Authors: Stuart, A; Bond, A; Franco, AMA; Gerrard, C; Baker, J

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Springer
• Journal: AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment
• Volume: 55
• Issue: 4
• Pages: 714-742
• Publication date: 2025-12-03
• Acceptance date: 2025-09-30
• DOI: 10.1007/s13280-025-02277-8
• EISSN: 1654-7209
• ISSN: 0044-7447
• Language: English
• Keywords: Biodiversity net gain (BNG); Net outcome policy; Policy development; Legislation; Biodiversity offsetting
• Subtype: Review