Journal article
Mass estimates of the young TOI-451 transiting planets: multidimensional Gaussian Process on stellar spectroscopic and photometric signals
- Abstract:
- The young TOI-451 planetary system, aged 125 Myr, provides a unique opportunity to test theories of planetary internal structures and atmospheric mass-loss through examination of its three transiting planets. We present an exhaustive photometric and spectroscopic follow-up to determine the orbital and physical properties of the system. We perform multidimensional Gaussian Process regression with the code pyaneti on spectroscopic time-series and NGTS/LCO light curves to disentangle the stellar and planetary signal in ESPRESSO radial velocities. We show how contemporaneous photometry serves as an activity indicator to inform RV modelling within a multidimensional Gaussian Processes framework. We argue that this can be exploited when spectroscopic observations are adversely affected by low signal-to-noise and/or poor sampling. We estimate the Doppler semi-amplitudes of , , and . This translates in 2 mass estimates for TOI-451 b and d of and ; as well as a mass upper limit for TOI-451 c of . The derived planetary properties suggest that planets c and d contain significant hydrogen-rich envelopes. The inferred parameters of TOI-451 b are consistent with either a rocky world that still retains a small hydrogen envelope or a water world. These insights make the TOI-451 system an ideal laboratory for future follow-up studies aimed at measuring atmospheric compositions, detecting atmospheric mass-loss signatures, and further exploring planetary formation and evolution processes.
- Publication status:
- Published
- Peer review status:
- Peer reviewed
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(Preview, Version of record, pdf, 5.8MB, Terms of use)
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- Publisher copy:
- 10.1093/mnras/stag087
Authors
+ Science and Technology Facilities Council
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- Funder identifier:
- https://ror.org/057g20z61
+ National Agency for Research and Development
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- Funder identifier:
- https://ror.org/02ap3w078
+ Swiss National Science Foundation
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- Funder identifier:
- https://ror.org/00yjd3n13
+ National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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- Funder identifier:
- https://ror.org/027ka1x80
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- Journal:
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society More from this journal
- Volume:
- 546
- Issue:
- 2
- Pages:
- stag087
- Article number:
- stag087
- Publication date:
- 2026-01-14
- Acceptance date:
- 2026-01-12
- DOI:
- EISSN:
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1365-2966
- ISSN:
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0035-8711
- Language:
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English
- Keywords:
- Pubs id:
-
2361347
- UUID:
-
uuid_1800785d-e0d1-47a4-8a89-5e05bca3356e
- Local pid:
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pubs:2361347
- Source identifiers:
-
3710682
- Deposit date:
-
2026-01-30
- ARK identifier:
This ORA record was generated from metadata provided by an external service. It has not been edited by the ORA Team.
Terms of use
- Copyright date:
- 2026
- Licence:
- CC Attribution (CC BY)
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