Journal article
Crystal-facet-directed all vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells
- Abstract:
- Vacuum-based deposition is a scalable, solvent-free industrial method ideal for uniform coatings on complex substrates. However, all vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells fabricated by thermal evaporation trail solution-processed counterparts in efficiency and stability due to film quality challenges, necessitating advancement and improved understanding. Here, we report a co-evaporation route for 1.67-eV wide-bandgap perovskites by introducing a PbCl2 co-source to optimize film quality. We promote perovskite formation with pronounced (100) “face-up” orientation and deliver a certified all vacuum-deposited solar cell with 18.35% efficiency (19.3% in the lab) for 0.25-cm2 devices (18.5% for 1-cm2 cells). These cells retain 80% of peak efficiency after 1,080 hours under the ISOS-L-2 protocol. Leveraging operando hyperspectral imaging, we provide spatiotemporal spectral insight into halide segregation and trap-mediated recombination, correlating microscopic luminescence features with macroscopic device performance while distinguishing radiative from non-ideal recombination channels. We further demonstrate 27.2%-efficient 1-cm2 evaporated perovskite-on-silicon tandems and outdoor stability of all vacuum-deposited tandems in Italy, retaining ~80% initial performance after 8 months.
- Publication status:
- Published
- Peer review status:
- Peer reviewed
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- Files:
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(Preview, Version of record, pdf, 4.4MB, Terms of use)
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- Publisher copy:
- 10.1038/s41563-026-02494-w
Authors
+ UK Research and Innovation
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- Funder identifier:
- https://ror.org/001aqnf71
- Grant:
- 10054976
+ Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
More from this funder
- Funder identifier:
- https://ror.org/0439y7842
- Grant:
- EP/X038777/1
- EP/M022900/1
- Publisher:
- Springer Nature
- Journal:
- Nature Materials More from this journal
- Publication date:
- 2026-02-23
- Acceptance date:
- 2026-01-13
- DOI:
- EISSN:
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1476-4660
- ISSN:
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1476-1122
- Language:
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English
- Pubs id:
-
2357603
- Local pid:
-
pubs:2357603
- Deposit date:
-
2026-01-10
- ARK identifier:
Terms of use
- Copyright holder:
- Shen et al
- Copyright date:
- 2026
- Rights statement:
- ©2026 The Authors. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
- Notes:
- Supporting data can be found at: Dataset for 'Crystal-facet-directed all vacuum deposited perovskite solar cells'.
- Licence:
- CC Attribution (CC BY)
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