Pooled analysis of PCV13 efficacy from controlled human infection trials in Malawi and the UK

Journal article

We conducted the first pooled analysis of two randomised controlled vaccine trials on experimental pneumococcal serotype 6B carriage, registered in Malawi (PACTR202008503507113) and the UK (ISRCTN45340436). This post-hoc exploratory study examined the sex-based differences in carriage, vaccine efficacy and vaccine-induced responses. PCV-13 reduced colonisation by 76% (p < 0.001) with non-significant interaction by sex (RR = 1.549, p = 0.413). Females showed a higher carriage rate than males (28% vs. 19%, p = 0.066). Baseline anti-6B Capsular Polysaccharide Immunoglobulin G (IgG) titres were higher in females, significantly in Malawi (2.62 µg/ml vs males 2.05 µg/ml, p = 0.015). Post-vaccination titres did not differ by sex. The pooled fold change in IgG pre-post vaccination, was higher in vaccinated females (5.47 vs 3.30, p = 0.053). This analysis demonstrates the utility and challenges of integrating CHIM data between diverse settings to evaluate vaccine efficacy, describe inter-setting differences, investigate biological and immunological factors influencing protection against pneumococcal carriage and ultimately inform future vaccine development strategies.

Authors: Kudowa, E; Tembo, G; Chirwa, AE; Chikaonda, T; Muyaya, A

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Nature Research
• Journal: npj Vaccines
• Publication date: 2026-02-26
• Acceptance date: 2026-01-16
• DOI: 10.1038/s41541-026-01381-4
• EISSN: 2059-0105
• ISSN: 2059-0105
• Language: English
• Keywords: Carriage; Vaccination; Meta-analysis; Exploratory analysis; Serotype; Pooled analysis; Pneumococcal vaccine; Pneumococcal infections