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Habitat suitability model for identifying human-wildlife interface and implications for wildlife trade of Sunda pangolin in Borneo

Abstract:
Pangolins are the most trafficked mammals in the world. Sunda pangolins (Manis javanica), in particular, are critically endangered due to their proximity to consumption hotspots, and the scale of the globalized illegal trade network. Data on their ecological drivers can inform targeted strategies to cauterise supply lines. We used data from 1,455 camera-stations deployed between 2008-2024 across a heterogenous mix of landscapes in Sabah, northern Borneo, to model the geomorphological and anthropogenic drivers of Sunda pangolin distribution. Our most parsimonious logistic regression model included six variables: accessibility to human population (ß=0.597, p=0.004), soil cation exchange capacity (ß= -0.665, p=0.003), soil clay content (ß= -0.311, p=0.051), soil nitrogen concentration (ß=0.9862, p=0.0001), soil bulk density (ß=0.43, p=0.143) and topographic position index (ß=-0.61, p=0.005). The model performed well as evaluated using an out-of-sample test dataset (sensitivity =0.89, specificity =0.57 and AUC=0.73). A high proportion (~43%) of rural, human-dominated areas were identified as highly suitable pangolin habitat, but only ~15% of these areas are protected. We further confirmed the overlap in highly suitable pangolin habitat and human-occupied land using an independent citizen science dataset of pangolin detections collected between 2019-2024 (Boyce index=0.75). Our results illustrate that Sunda pangolins often live in high-risk areas but also suggest an opportunity to develop community centered conservation strategies to curb poaching and cauterize supply lines fueling the trade of Sunda pangolins in Southeast Asia.
Publication status:
Published
Peer review status:
Peer reviewed

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Publisher copy:
10.1007/s10661-025-14922-6

Authors

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Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
MPLS
Department:
Biology
Oxford college:
Keble; Keble College
Role:
Author
ORCID:
0009-0005-1417-5615
More by this author
Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
MPLS
Department:
Biology
Role:
Author
More by this author
Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
MPLS
Department:
Biology
Role:
Author
More by this author
Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
MPLS
Department:
Biology
Role:
Author
More by this author
Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
MPLS
Department:
Biology
Role:
Author


Publisher:
Springer
Journal:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment More from this journal
Volume:
198
Issue:
2
Article number:
108
Publication date:
2026-01-08
Acceptance date:
2025-12-11
DOI:
EISSN:
1573-2959
ISSN:
0167-6369


Language:
English
Keywords:
Pubs id:
2353838
Local pid:
pubs:2353838
Deposit date:
2025-12-23
ARK identifier:

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