Gender and Parenthood Differences in Work Time Fragmentation in the United States: The Moderating Role of Occupational Class

Journal article

Work time fragmentation refers to the number of distinct work episodes in a day, indicating disruptions in work schedules and the degree of workday fragmentation. With the expansion of flexible labor markets in the U.S., work time fragmentation has become more prevalent. Although gender and parenthood differences in labor market outcomes and family responsibilities are well studied, their manifestation in work time fragmentation remains underexplored. Using data from the American Time Use Survey 2003–2023 and OLS regression models, this study is the first to examine gender and parenthood differences in work time fragmentation and their variation by occupational class. Findings indicate that women experience greater fragmentation than men. For women, those with dependent children, particularly those with young children, show greater fragmentation than women without coresidential children. This pattern is most pronounced among those in higher occupational classes. For men, there is no evidence showing that there is a difference in work time fragmentation intensity by parenthood status or occupational class. The findings underscore the importance of equitable parental leave, shared caregiving responsibilities, and supportive workplace structures in addressing these dynamics and promoting equity in work-family relationships.

Authors: Cui, S; Lu, Z; Wang, S

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Springer
• Journal: Social Indicators Research
• Volume: 182
• Issue: 1
• Article number: 10
• Publication date: 2026-03-03
• Acceptance date: 2026-01-28
• DOI: 10.1007/s11205-026-03815-x
• EISSN: 1573-0921
• ISSN: 0303-8300
• Language: English
• Keywords: Time fragmentation; Gender difference; Gender; Parenthood; Time use; Occupational class