Relative Humidity Verification Over Vietnam in ECMWF Medium‐Range Forecasts for a Dengue Early Warning System

Journal article

Dengue fever outbreaks impose a severe healthcare burden in Vietnam; therefore, the development of a Dengue early warning system is key to improve public health planning and mitigate this burden. This study assesses the ECMWF medium‐range (up to 10 days) forecast skill for relative humidity in Vietnam—a key factor for vector‐borne disease transmission—in re‐forecasts between 2001 and 2020. Analysis focused on the rainy season (May–October) with ERA5 reanalysis as a reference dataset. Re‐forecast data were pre‐processed using a lead‐time dependent quantile mapping technique to reduce the bias between forecasted and observational data, and skill was assessed using climatology and persistence as a reference. Rank histograms showed that the humidity forecast is reliable up to 10 days, and continuous ranked probability skill score (CRPSS) values show that the forecast is more skilful than the climatology up to 10 days. Nonetheless, when using persistence as a reference, CRPSS values are lower in South Vietnam, which was associated with the inaccurate representation of 2 m dew point temperature in the tropical regions, and the fact that persistence is a hard reference to beat in the tropics, hindering model forecast skill. Results from this study demonstrate that ECMWF ensemble forecasts of relative humidity are suitable to use as inputs for a Dengue early warning system up to 10 days in advance.

Authors: Pérez‐Fernández, I; Sparrow, S; Weisheimer, A; Wright, M; Main, L

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Wiley
• Journal: Meteorological Applications
• Volume: 33
• Issue: 1
• Article number: e70159
• Publication date: 2026-02-12
• Acceptance date: 2026-02-03
• DOI: 10.1002/met.70159
• EISSN: 1469-8080
• ISSN: 1350-4827
• Language: English
• Keywords: ensemble forecast; relative humidity; Vietnam; skill; verification; dengue fever