Genome-wide association study of major anxiety disorders in 122,341 European-ancestry cases identifies 58 loci and highlights GABAergic signaling

Journal article

The major anxiety disorders (ANX; including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and phobias) are highly prevalent, often onset early and cause substantial global disability. Although distinct in their clinical presentations, they probably represent differential expressions of a dysregulated threat–response system. Here, we present a genome-wide association meta-analysis comprising 122,341 European ancestry ANX cases and 729,881 controls. We identified 58 independent genome-wide significant risk variants and 66 genes with robust biological support. In an independent sample of 1,175,012 self-report ANX cases and 1,956,379 controls, 51 out of the 58 associations replicated. As predicted by twin studies, we found substantial genetic correlation between ANX and depression, neuroticism and other internalizing phenotypes. Follow-up analyses demonstrated enrichment in all major brain regions and highlighted GABAergic signaling as one potential mechanism implicated in ANX genetic risk. These results advance our understanding of the genetic architecture of ANX and prioritize genes for functional follow-up studies.

Authors: Strom, NI; Verhulst, B; Bacanu, S; Cheesman, R; Purves, KL

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Nature Research
• Journal: Nature Genetics
• Volume: 58
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 275-288
• Publication date: 2026-02-03
• Acceptance date: 2025-12-12
• DOI: 10.1038/s41588-025-02485-8
• EISSN: 1546-1718
• ISSN: 1061-4036
• Language: English
• Keywords: Genetic association; Anxiety; Genome-wide association study; Genetic architecture; Association (psychology); Neuroticism; Mechanism (biology); Genetic variants; Panic disorder; Allele