Journal article
A review of particulate number (PN) emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines and their control techniques
- Abstract:
- Particulate Matter (PM) emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, particularly Particle Number (PN) emissions, have been studied intensively in both academia and industry because of the adverse effects of ultrafine PM emissions on human health and other environmental concerns. GDI engines are known to emit a higher number of PN emissions (on an engine-out basis) than Port Fuel Injection (PFI) engines, due to the reduced mixture homogeneity in GDI engines. Euro 6 emission standards have been introduced in Europe (and similarly in China) to limit PN emissions from GDI engines. This article summarises the current state of research in GDI PN emissions (engine-out) including a discussion of PN formation, and the characteristics of PN emissions from GDI engines. The effect of key GDI engine operating parameters is analysed, including air-fuel ratio, ignition and injection timing, injection pressure, and EGR; in addition the effect of fuel composition on particulate emissions is explored, including the effect of oxygenate components such as ethanol.
- Publication status:
- Published
- Peer review status:
- Peer reviewed
Actions
Access Document
- Files:
-
-
(Preview, Version of record, pdf, 7.4MB, Terms of use)
-
- Publisher copy:
- 10.3390/en11061417
Authors
- Publisher:
- MDPI
- Journal:
- Energies More from this journal
- Volume:
- 11
- Issue:
- 6
- Article number:
- 1417
- Publication date:
- 2018-06-01
- Acceptance date:
- 2018-05-25
- DOI:
- ISSN:
-
1996-1073
- Keywords:
- Pubs id:
-
pubs:854239
- UUID:
-
uuid:d52477e3-6f78-49f9-96e9-a7c7ec91657a
- Local pid:
-
pubs:854239
- Source identifiers:
-
854239
- Deposit date:
-
2018-06-05
- ARK identifier:
Terms of use
- Copyright holder:
- Raza et al
- Copyright date:
- 2018
- Notes:
-
Copyright © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
- Licence:
- CC Attribution (CC BY)
If you are the owner of this record, you can report an update to it here: Report update to this record