Journal article
Bipedalism and brain expansion explain human handedness
- Abstract:
- Humans exhibit a striking and near-universal population-level right-hand preference, an evolutionary singularity unmatched among primates. Despite its pervasiveness, the origins of this lateralization remain poorly understood. Here, we combine phylogenetic comparative methods with meta-analysis to investigate manual lateralization across 41 anthropoid species (n = 2,025), testing longstanding eco-evolutionary hypotheses for handedness direction (mean handedness index, MHI) and strength (mean absolute handedness index, MABSHI). Our models reveal significant phylogenetic signal for both traits and identify Homo sapiens as an evolutionary outlier, exhibiting exceptional rightward bias and strength relative to phylogenetic expectations. However, this outlier status disappears when brain size (endocranial volume) and intermembral index are included, suggesting these factors are central to the emergence of human handedness. We also show that high MABSHI evolved early in hominin evolution, while MHI increased to unparalleled levels with the appearance of the genus Homo. Our findings identify bipedalism and neuroanatomical expansion as likely key drivers of uniquely human lateralization, while also revealing broader ecological patterns shaping handedness across primates. This work provides a framework for disentangling human-specific adaptations from general primate trends in the evolution of behavioral asymmetries.
- Publication status:
- Published
- Peer review status:
- Peer reviewed
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(Preview, Version of record, pdf, 1.4MB, Terms of use)
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- Publisher copy:
- 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003771
Authors
+ Leverhulme Trust
More from this funder
- Funder identifier:
- https://ror.org/012mzw131
- Grant:
- RL-2019-012
- Publisher:
- Public Library of Science
- Journal:
- PLoS Biology More from this journal
- Volume:
- 24
- Issue:
- 4
- Pages:
- e3003771
- Article number:
- e3003771
- Publication date:
- 2026-04-27
- Acceptance date:
- 2026-04-08
- DOI:
- EISSN:
-
1545-7885
- ISSN:
-
1544-9173
- Language:
-
English
- Keywords:
- Source identifiers:
-
4012672
- Deposit date:
-
2026-05-04
- ARK identifier:
This ORA record was generated from metadata provided by an external service. It has not been edited by the ORA Team.
Terms of use
- Copyright date:
- 2026
- Licence:
- CC Attribution (CC BY)
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