Poor handling of continuous predictors in clinical prediction models using logistic regression: a systematic review

Journal article : Review

Background and Objectives

When developing a clinical prediction model, assuming a linear relationship between the continuous predictors and outcome is not recommended. Incorrect specification of the functional form of continuous predictors could reduce predictive accuracy. We examine how continuous predictors are handled in studies developing a clinical prediction model.

Methods

We searched PubMed for clinical prediction model studies developing a logistic regression model for a binary outcome, published between July 01, 2020, and July 30, 2020.

Results

In total, 118 studies were included in the review (18 studies (15%) assessed the linearity assumption or used methods to handle nonlinearity, and 100 studies (85%) did not). Transformation and splines were commonly used to handle nonlinearity, used in 7 (n = 7/18, 39%) and 6 (n = 6/18, 33%) studies, respectively. Categorization was most often used method to handle continuous predictors (n = 67/118, 56.8%) where most studies used dichotomization (n = 40/67, 60%). Only ten models included nonlinear terms in the final model (n = 10/18, 56%).

Conclusion

Though widely recommended not to categorize continuous predictors or assume a linear relationship between outcome and continuous predictors, most studies categorize continuous predictors, few studies assess the linearity assumption, and even fewer use methodology to account for nonlinearity. Methodological guidance is provided to guide researchers on how to handle continuous predictors when developing a clinical prediction model.

Authors: Ma, J; Dhiman, P; Qi, C; Bullock, G; van Smeden, M

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Journal: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
• Volume: 161
• Pages: 140-151
• Place of publication: United States
• Publication date: 2023-08-02
• Acceptance date: 2023-07-26
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.07.017
• EISSN: 1878-5921
• ISSN: 0895-4356
• Pmid: 37536504
• Language: English
• Keywords: nonlinear methods; prediction; continuous predictors; model development; clinical prediction model; statistical modelling
• Subtype: Review