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Explaining the rise of moralizing religions: A test of competing hypotheses using the Seshat databank

Abstract:
The causes, consequences, and timing of the rise of moralizing religions in world history have been the focus of intense debate. Progress has been limited by the availability of quantitative data to test competing theories, by divergent ideas regarding both predictor and outcomes variables, and by differences of opinion over methodology. To address all these problems, we utilize Seshat: Global History Databank, a large storehouse of information designed to test theories concerning the evolutionary drivers of social complexity. In addition to the Big Gods hypothesis, which proposes that moralizing religion contributed to the success of increasingly large-scale complex societies, we consider the role of warfare, animal husbandry, and agricultural productivity in the rise of moralizing religions. Using a broad range of new measures of belief in moralizing supernatural punishment, we find strong support for previous research showing that such beliefs did not drive the rise of social complexity. By contrast, our analyses indicate that intergroup warfare, supported by resource availability, played a major role in the evolution of both social complexity and moralizing religions. Thus, the correlation between social complexity and moralizing religion seems to result from shared evolutionary drivers, rather than from direct causal relationships between these two variables.
Publication status:
Published
Peer review status:
Peer reviewed

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Publisher copy:
10.1080/2153599X.2022.2065345

Authors


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Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
SSD
Department:
SAME
Oxford college:
Magdalen College
Role:
Author
ORCID:
0000-0001-6935-6724


Publisher:
Taylor and Francis
Journal:
Religion, Brain and Behavior More from this journal
Volume:
13
Issue:
2
Pages:
167-194
Publication date:
2022-06-30
Acceptance date:
2021-10-10
DOI:
EISSN:
2153-5981
ISSN:
2153-599X


Language:
English
Keywords:
Pubs id:
1212155
Local pid:
pubs:1212155
Deposit date:
2021-11-25

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