Rodent models of transplantation have demonstrated that it is possible to induce specific immunological tolerance of donor antigens and indefinite graft survival in the absence of any continued immunosuppression. If this situation could be achieved clinically it would avoid many of the longer term complications of organ grafting, such as the increased risk of infection and cancer and the nephrotoxicity of many immunosuppressive agents. In this review we shall consider the interplay between re...