The reciprocal relationship between smiles and situational contexts

Journal article

Smiles provide information about a social partner’s affect and intentions during social interaction. Although always encountered within a specific situation, the influence of contextual information on smile evaluation has not been widely investigated. Moreover, little is known about the reciprocal effect of smiles on evaluations of their accompanying situations. In this research, we assessed how different smile types and situational contexts affected participants’ social evaluations. In Study 1, 85 participants rated reward, affiliation, and dominance smiles embedded within either enjoyable, polite, or negative (unpleasant) situations. Context had a strong effect on smile ratings, such that smiles in enjoyable situations were rated as more genuine and joyful, as well as indicating less superiority than those in negative situations. In Study 2, 200 participants evaluated the situations that these smiles were perceived within (rather than the smiles themselves). Although situations paired with reward (vs. affiliation) smiles tended to be rated more positively, this effect was absent for negative situations. Ultimately, the findings point toward a reciprocal relationship between smiles and contexts, whereby the face influences evaluations of the situation and vice versa.

Authors: Day, SE; Krumhuber, EG; Shore, DM

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Taylor and Francis
• Journal: Cognition and Emotion
• Volume: 37
• Issue: 7
• Pages: 1230-1247
• Publication date: 2023-11-22
• Acceptance date: 2023-08-14
• DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2258488
• EISSN: 1464-0600
• ISSN: 0269-9931
• Pmid: 37776238
• Language: English
• Keywords: facial expression; happiness; smiling; FFR; reward; social interaction