This document summary was created by David Shotton, Alistair Miles, Graham Klyne and Katie Portwin, Image Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford. This document summary of the paper was published on 3 September 2008 at doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228.x002, and revised 26 February 2009.
| Infectious disease studied: | Leptospirosis |
| Pathogen (causative agent of disease): | Various species of the Leptospira spirochete bacterium |
| Primary animal vector of disease pathogen: | Rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
| Pathogen host subjected to study: | Human (Homo sapiens) |
| Number of subject individuals in study: | 3,171 |
| Number of control individuals in study: | None. This was a whole population study |
| Indicator of infection: | Presence of Leptospira agglutinating antibodies in blood |
| Assay used: | Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) |
| Location of study site (place name): | Pau da Lima, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil |
| Northern limit of study site: | 12 degrees 55 minutes 15.20 second South |
| Southern limit of study site: | 12 degrees 55 minutes 42.90 second South |
| Eastern limit of study site: | 38 degrees 25 minutes 51.20 seconds West |
| Western limit of study site: | 38 degrees 26 minutes 26.70 seconds West |
| Starting date of study: | April 2003 |
| Ending date of study: | May 2004 |
| Purpose of study: | To quantify social and environmental risk factors for contracting leptospirosis in an urban slum |
| Principal finding 1: | Overall prevalence of Leptospira antibodies in the surveyed population was 15.4%. |
| Principal finding 2: | Disease risk was positively correlated with residence in flood-risk regions with open sewers, and with proximity of residence to accumulated refuse. |
| Principal finding 3: | Disease risk was positively correlated with sighting of rats and presence of chickens at the residence. |
| Principal finding 4: | Low income and black race were independent positive risk factors. |
| Principal finding 5: | An increase of US$1 per day in per capita household income was associated with an 11% decrease in infection risk. |
| disease | |
|
infectious diseases diarrheal disease childhood diarrhoea dengue leptospirosis human leptospirosis meningococcal disease pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome visceral leishmaniasis Weil's disease occupational disease zoonotic disease |
| habitat | |
|
Atlantic rain forest city hill household open drainage system open rainwater drainage system open sewer drainage system refuse deposit slum valley workplace |
| organism | |
| person | (including authors of this paper and excluding authors of cited references) |
|
Rosan Barbosa Maurício Barreto Reinaldo Barreto Marília S. Carvalho Alicia Chang Earl Francis Cook Jr. Jorge Costa Ana Carla Duarte Ridalva D. M. Felzemburgh Edilane Gouveia Leila Gouveia Ricardo E. Gurtler Albert I. Ko Analéa Lima Elves Maciel Astrid X. T. O. Melendez Sharif Mohr Simone Nascimento Osmar Paixão Claudio Pereira da Sá Adriano Queiroz Maria Raimunda da Cruz Romy R. Ravines Art Reingold Mitermayer G. Reis Renato B. Reis Dr. Guilherme Ribeiro Lee Riley Francisco S. Santana Andréia C. Santos Amaro Silva Érika Sousa Wagner S. Tassinari |
| place | |
|
Continent Country State / District City [Asia] Bangladesh [India] Mumbai Thailand North America United States New York New York [South America] Argentina Barbados Brazil Bahia Salvador Pau de Lima [Rio de Janeiro] Rio de Janeiro [Sao Paulo] Sao Paulo [Santa Catarina] Florianopolis Ecuador Guayaquil |
| protein | |
|
agglutinating antibodies IgG IgM Leptospira agglutinating antibodies |
| taxon | |
|
Leptospira Leptospira borgspetersenii serovar Ballum Leptospira kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa Leptospira interrogans Leptospira interrogans serovars Autumnalis Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni [Rattus] Rattus norvegicus |
ID = Infectious Disease Ontology term; GO = Gene Ontology term used in the Infectious Disease Ontology
| ID:0000012 | immunity |
| ID:0000017 | mortality |
| ID:0000021 | infected |
| ID:0000023 | zoonotic |
| ID:0000025 | pathogenicity |
| ID:0000034 | endemic |
| ID:0000038 | parasite |
| ID:0000048 | symptom |
| ID:0000056 | host |
| ID:0000057 | carrier |
| ID:0000059 | reservoir |
| ID:0000063 | vector |
| ID:0000064 | pathogen |
| ID:0000066 | infectious agent |
| ID:0000069 | primary pathogen |
| ID:0000083 | transmission |
| ID:0000084 | pathogenesis |
| ID:0000098 | infectious disease |
| ID:0000104 | infection |
| ID:0000111 | antigenic variation |
| ID:0000115 | genetic diversification |
| GO:0000000 | mode of transmission |
| GO:0000018 | case of infectious disease |
| GO:0000026 | pathogen life cycle |
| GO:0000031 | horizontal transmission |
| Number of authors: | 13 |
| Number of cited references: | 52 |
| Number of figures: | 4 |
| Number of supplementary figures: | 2 |
| Number of tables: | 1 |
Raw Data (xls spreadsheet) at doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228.x005
This downloadable spreadsheet also contains the citation counts for the 52 cited references in Reis et al. 2008, determined from Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/) and from ISI Web of Knowledge (http://apps.isiknowledge.com/) on March 11 2009.
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