
@article{aldersley_global_2011,
	title = {Global and regional analysis of climate and human drivers of wildfire},
	volume = {409},
	issn = {00489697},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969711005353},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.032},
	abstract = {Identifying and quantifying the statistical relationships between climate and anthropogenic drivers of ﬁre is important for global biophysical modelling of wildﬁre and other Earth system processes. This study used regression tree and random forest analysis on global data for various climatic and human variables to establish their relative importance. The main interactions found at the global scale also apply regionally: greatest wildﬁre burned area is associated with high temperature (N 28 °C), intermediate annual rainfall (350–1100 mm), and prolonged dry periods (which varies by region). However, the regions of highest ﬁre incidence do not show clear and systematic behaviour. Thresholds seen in the regression tree split conditions vary, as do the interplay between climatic and anthropogenic variables, so challenges remain in developing robust predictive insight for the most wildﬁre-threatened regions.},
	pages = {3472--3481},
	number = {18},
	journaltitle = {Science of The Total Environment},
	shortjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Aldersley, Andrew and Murray, Steven J. and Cornell, Sarah E.},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2011-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Global and regional analysis of climate and human drivers of wildfire.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Global and regional analysis of climate and human drivers of wildfire.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{wu_impacts_2017,
	title = {Impacts of land use on climate and ecosystem productivity over the Amazon and the South American continent},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1748-9326},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6fd6},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa6fd6},
	abstract = {The Amazon basin is characterized by a strong interplay between the atmosphere and vegetation. Anthropogenic land use and land cover change ({LULCC}) affects vegetation and the exchange of energy and water with the atmosphere. Here we have assessed potential {LULCC} impacts on climate and natural vegetation dynamics over South America with a regional Earth system model that also accounts for vegetation dynamics. The biophysical and biogeochemical impacts from {LULCC} were addressed with two simulations over the {CORDEX}-South America domain. The results show that {LULCC} imposes local and remote inﬂuences on South American climate. These include signiﬁcant local warming over the {LULCC}-affected area, changes in circulation patterns over the Amazon basin during the dry season, and an intensiﬁed hydrological cycle over much of the {LULCC}-affected area during the wet season. These changes affect the natural vegetation productivity which shows contrasting and signiﬁcant changes between northwestern (around 10\% increase) and southeastern (up to 10\% decrease) parts of the Amazon basin caused by mesoscale circulation changes during the dry season, and increased productivity in parts of the {LULCCaffected} areas. We conclude that ongoing deforestation around the fringes of the Amazon could impact pristine forest by changing mesoscale circulation patterns, amplifying the degradation of natural vegetation caused by direct, local impacts of land use activities.},
	pages = {054016},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Research Letters},
	shortjournal = {Environ. Res. Lett.},
	author = {Wu, M and Schurgers, G and Ahlström, A and Rummukainen, M and Miller, P A and Smith, B and May, W},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2017-05-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Impacts of land use on climate and ecosystem productivity over the Amazon and the South American continent.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\ecosystems - general\\Impacts of land use on climate and ecosystem productivity over the Amazon and the South American continent.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{westerling_warming_2006,
	title = {Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity},
	volume = {313},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1128834},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1128834},
	abstract = {Western United States forest wildfire activity is widely thought to have increased in recent decades, yet neither the extent of recent changes nor the degree to which climate may be driving regional changes in wildfire has been systematically documented. Much of the public and scientific discussion of changes in western United States wildfire has focused instead on the effects of 19th- and 20th-century land-use history. We compiled a comprehensive database of large wildfires in western United States forests since 1970 and compared it with hydroclimatic and land-surface data. Here, we show that large wildfire activity increased suddenly and markedly in the mid-1980s, with higher large-wildfire frequency, longer wildfire durations, and longer wildfire seasons. The greatest increases occurred in mid-elevation, Northern Rockies forests, where land-use histories have relatively little effect on fire risks and are strongly associated with increased spring and summer temperatures and an earlier spring snowmelt.},
	pages = {940--943},
	number = {5789},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	shortjournal = {Science},
	author = {Westerling, A. L. and Hidalgo, H. G. and Cayan, D. R. and Swetnam, T. W.},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2006-08-18},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{gillett_detecting_2004,
	title = {Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2004GL020876},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GL020876},
	pages = {L18211},
	number = {18},
	journaltitle = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	shortjournal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
	author = {Gillett, N. P.},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2004},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{parr_tropical_2014,
	title = {Tropical grassy biomes: misunderstood, neglected, and under threat},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {01695347},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953471400041X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2014.02.004},
	shorttitle = {Tropical grassy biomes},
	pages = {205--213},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	shortjournal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Parr, Catherine L. and Lehmann, Caroline E.R. and Bond, William J. and Hoffmann, William A. and Andersen, Alan N.},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2014-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Tropical grassy biomes misunderstood, neglected, and under threat.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\savannahs\\Tropical grassy biomes misunderstood, neglected, and under threat.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{pausas_global_2013,
	title = {The global fire-productivity relationship: Fire and productivity},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1466822X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12043},
	doi = {10.1111/geb.12043},
	shorttitle = {The global fire-productivity relationship},
	abstract = {Aim It has been suggested that on a global scale, ﬁre activity changes along the productivity/aridity gradient following a humped relationship, i.e. the intermediate ﬁre–productivity hypothesis. This relation should be driven by differing relative roles of the main ﬁre drivers (weather and fuel) along the productivity gradient. However, the full intermediate ﬁre–productivity model across all world ecosystems remains to be validated.},
	pages = {728--736},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
	shortjournal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
	author = {Pausas, Juli G. and Ribeiro, Eloi},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2013-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The global fire–productivity relationship.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\The global fire–productivity relationship.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{eriksen_why_2007,
	title = {Why do they burn the ?bush?? Fire, rural livelihoods, and conservation in Zambia},
	volume = {173},
	issn = {0016-7398, 1475-4959},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2007.00239.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1475-4959.2007.00239.x},
	shorttitle = {Why do they burn the ?},
	abstract = {Despite the historical importance of fire as a savanna land management tool, much controversy still surrounds discussions on anthropogenic fire utilization and the sustainability of indigenous land management practices in African savannas. This controversy is arguably a result of a discord between official fire policies and actual indigenous fire practices – a discord based on a gap in existing knowledge of, and a lack of informed literature on, the importance of fire for socio-economic and environmental survival in savanna environments. Addressing a continuing lack of research on the political ecology of fire, this study investigates the historical and present day socio-economic, environmental and political frameworks that affect anthropogenic burning regimes and land management in the Kafinda Game Management Area and Kasanka National Park in Zambia. A series of participatory research activities revealed the continuing importance of fire to rural livelihoods, but that a mismatch in desired burning regimes exists between local stakeholders. The paper argues that local power relations are preventing the local communities from adopting burning regimes that would be more environmentally sustainable and more in line with present day farming systems.},
	pages = {242--256},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {The Geographical Journal},
	shortjournal = {Geographical J},
	author = {Eriksen, Christine},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2007-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Why do they burn the  bush   Fire  rural livelihoods  and conservation in Zambia.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Why do they burn the  bush   Fire  rural livelihoods  and conservation in Zambia.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{russell-smith_managing_2013,
	title = {Managing fire regimes in north Australian savannas: applying Aboriginal approaches to contemporary global problems},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1540-9295, 1540-9309},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/120251},
	doi = {10.1890/120251},
	shorttitle = {Managing fire regimes in north Australian savannas},
	issue = {s1},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	shortjournal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	author = {Russell-Smith, Jeremy and Cook, Garry D and Cooke, Peter M and Edwards, Andrew C and Lendrum, Mitchell and Meyer, {CP} (Mick) and Whitehead, Peter J},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2013-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Managing fire regimes in north Australian savannas  applying.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Managing fire regimes in north Australian savannas  applying.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{tarimo_spatial_2015,
	title = {Spatial distribution of temporal dynamics in anthropogenic fires in miombo savanna woodlands of Tanzania},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1750-0680},
	url = {https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13021-015-0029-2},
	doi = {10.1186/s13021-015-0029-2},
	abstract = {Background:  Anthropogenic uses of fire play a key role in regulating fire regimes in African savannas. These fires contribute the highest proportion of the globally burned area, substantial biomass burning emissions and threaten maintenance and enhancement of carbon stocks. An understanding of fire regimes at local scales is required for the estimation and prediction of the contribution of these fires to the global carbon cycle and for fire management. We assessed the spatio-temporal distribution of fires in miombo woodlands of Tanzania, utilizing the {MODIS} active fire product and Landsat satellite images for the past {\textasciitilde}40 years.
Results:  Our results show that up to 50.6\% of the woodland area is affected by fire each year. An early and a late dry season peak in wetter and drier miombo, respectively, characterize the annual fire season. Wetter miombo areas have higher fire activity within a shorter annual fire season and have shorter return intervals. The fire regime is characterized by small-sized fires, with a higher ratio of small than large burned areas in the frequency-size distribution (β = 2.16 ± 0.04). Large-sized fires are rare, and occur more frequently in drier than in wetter miombo. Both fire prevalence and burned extents have decreased in the past decade. At a large scale, more than half of the woodland area has less than 2 years of fire return intervals, which prevent the occurrence of large intense fires.
Conclusion:  The sizes of fires, season of burning and spatial extent of occurrence are generally consistent across time, at the scale of the current analysis. Where traditional use of fire is restricted, a reassessment of fire management strategies may be required, if sustainability of tree cover is a priority. In such cases, there is a need to combine traditional and contemporary fire management practices.},
	pages = {18},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Carbon Balance and Management},
	shortjournal = {Carbon Balance Manage},
	author = {Tarimo, Beatrice and Dick, Øystein B and Gobakken, Terje and Totland, Ørjan},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2015-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Spatial distribution of temporal dynamics in anthropogenic fires in miombo savanna woodlands of Tanzania.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Spatial distribution of temporal dynamics in anthropogenic fires in miombo savanna woodlands of Tanzania.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{balshi_assessing_2009,
	title = {Assessing the response of area burned to changing climate in western boreal North America using a Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines ({MARS}) approach},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {13541013, 13652486},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01679.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01679.x},
	abstract = {Fire is a common disturbance in the North American boreal forest that inﬂuences ecosystem structure and function. The temporal and spatial dynamics of ﬁre are likely to be altered as climate continues to change. In this study, we ask the question: how will area burned in boreal North America by wildﬁre respond to future changes in climate? To evaluate this question, we developed temporally and spatially explicit relationships between air temperature and fuel moisture codes derived from the Canadian Fire Weather Index System to estimate annual area burned at 2.51 (latitude Â longitude) resolution using a Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline ({MARS}) approach across Alaska and Canada. Burned area was substantially more predictable in the western portion of boreal North America than in eastern Canada. Burned area was also not very predictable in areas of substantial topographic relief and in areas along the transition between boreal forest and tundra. At the scale of Alaska and western Canada, the empirical ﬁre models explain on the order of 82\% of the variation in annual area burned for the period 1960–2002. July temperature was the most frequently occurring predictor across all models, but the fuel moisture codes for the months June through August (as a group) entered the models as the most important predictors of annual area burned. To predict changes in the temporal and spatial dynamics of ﬁre under future climate, the empirical ﬁre models used output from the Canadian Climate Center {CGCM}2 global climate model to predict annual area burned through the year 2100 across Alaska and western Canada. Relative to 1991–2000, the results suggest that average area burned per decade will double by 2041–2050 and will increase on the order of 3.5–5.5 times by the last decade of the 21st century. To improve the ability to better predict wildﬁre across Alaska and Canada, future research should focus on incorporating additional effects of long-term and successional vegetation changes on area burned to account more fully for interactions among ﬁre, climate, and vegetation dynamics.},
	pages = {578--600},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Balshi, Michael S. and {McGUIRE}, A. David and Duffy, Paul and Flannigan, Mike and Walsh, John and Melillo, Jerry},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2009-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Assessing the response of area burned to changing climate in western boreal North.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Assessing the response of area burned to changing climate in western boreal North.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@incollection{billings_fire_1990,
	location = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	title = {Fire in the Ecology of the Brazilian Cerrado},
	volume = {84},
	isbn = {978-3-642-75397-8 978-3-642-75395-4},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-75395-4_6},
	pages = {82--105},
	booktitle = {Fire in the Tropical Biota},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	author = {Coutinho, L. M.},
	editor = {Goldammer, Johann Georg},
	editorb = {Billings, W. D. and Golley, F. and Lange, O. L. and Olson, J. S. and Remmert, H.},
	editorbtype = {redactor},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {1990},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-75395-4_6},
	note = {Series Title: Ecological Studies},
	file = {Fire in the ecology of Brazilian cerrado - Coutinho.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Fire in the ecology of Brazilian cerrado - Coutinho.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{durigan_zero-fire_2020,
	title = {Zero-fire: Not possible nor desirable in the Cerrado of Brazil},
	volume = {268},
	issn = {03672530},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0367253020300761},
	doi = {10.1016/j.flora.2020.151612},
	shorttitle = {Zero-fire},
	abstract = {Fire has been a natural force modulating the vegetation of the Brazilian Cerrado since long before the ﬁrst humans arrived in this region about 12 thousand years {BP}. Cerrado plants are, therefore, adapted to ﬁre and some of them depend on ﬁre to maintain their reproduction and survival. However, after the use of ﬁre as a tool to destroy vast extents of forests in the last centuries, Brazilians in general formed a very negative opinion about the use of ﬁre and burning native vegetation was prohibited in the country. Although this decision was eﬀective in protecting tropical forests, the zero-ﬁre policy has been quite negative in the Cerrado. Fire suppression in Cerrado reserves has caused a dramatic loss of biodiversity at landscape level (homogenizing the vegetation structure), at species level (leading non-tree species to local extinction) and likely at population level (sexual reproduction impaired). Furthermore, fuel accumulation over several years without ﬁre increases the risks of catastrophic ﬁrestorms that will inevitably occur. Such negative consequences of ﬁre suppression in the Cerrado have not been noticed even among ecologists, including myself in early career and until recently. The biased tree-and-carbon perspective of environmental campaigns and ecological studies have reinforced the misunderstanding of ﬁre eﬀects in Cerrado vegetation. Both neglect that the absolute majority of Cerrado plant species, as well as associated fauna and ecosystem services, depend upon open vegetation-structures which are mostly maintained by ﬁre.},
	pages = {151612},
	journaltitle = {Flora},
	shortjournal = {Flora},
	author = {Durigan, Giselda},
	urldate = {2022-12-30},
	date = {2020-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Zero-fire Not possible nor desirable in the Cerrado of Brazil.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Zero-fire Not possible nor desirable in the Cerrado of Brazil.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{hantson_status_2016,
	title = {The status and challenge of global fire modelling},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1726-4189},
	url = {https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/13/3359/2016/},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-13-3359-2016},
	abstract = {Biomass burning impacts vegetation dynamics, biogeochemical cycling, atmospheric chemistry, and climate, with sometimes deleterious socio-economic impacts. Under future climate projections it is often expected that the risk of wildﬁres will increase. Our ability to predict the magnitude and geographic pattern of future ﬁre impacts rests on our ability to model ﬁre regimes, using either well-founded empirical relationships or process-based models with good predictive skill. While a large variety of models exist today, it is still unclear which type of model or degree of complexity is required to model ﬁre adequately at regional to global scales. This is the central question underpinning the creation of the Fire Model Intercomparison Project ({FireMIP}), an international initiative to compare and evaluate existing global ﬁre models against benchmark data sets for present-day and historical conditions. In this paper we review how ﬁres have been represented in ﬁre-enabled dynamic global vegetation models ({DGVMs}) and give an overview of the current state of the art in ﬁre-regime modelling. We indicate which challenges still remain in global ﬁre modelling and stress the need for a comprehensive model evaluation and outline what lessons may be learned from {FireMIP}.},
	pages = {3359--3375},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Biogeosciences},
	shortjournal = {Biogeosciences},
	author = {Hantson, Stijn and Arneth, Almut and Harrison, Sandy P. and Kelley, Douglas I. and Prentice, I. Colin and Rabin, Sam S. and Archibald, Sally and Mouillot, Florent and Arnold, Steve R. and Artaxo, Paulo and Bachelet, Dominique and Ciais, Philippe and Forrest, Matthew and Friedlingstein, Pierre and Hickler, Thomas and Kaplan, Jed O. and Kloster, Silvia and Knorr, Wolfgang and Lasslop, Gitta and Li, Fang and Mangeon, Stephane and Melton, Joe R. and Meyn, Andrea and Sitch, Stephen and Spessa, Allan and van der Werf, Guido R. and Voulgarakis, Apostolos and Yue, Chao},
	urldate = {2022-12-30},
	date = {2016-06-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The status and challenge of global fire modelling.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\The status and challenge of global fire modelling.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{andela_human-driven_2017,
	title = {A human-driven decline in global burned area},
	volume = {356},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aal4108},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aal4108},
	abstract = {Burn less, baby, burn less
            
              Humans have, and always have had, a major impact on wildfire activity, which is expected
to increase in our warming world. Andela
              et al.
              use satellite data to
show that, unexpectedly, global burned area declined by ∼25\% over the past 18
years, despite the influence of climate. The decrease has been largest in savannas and
grasslands because of agricultural expansion and intensification. The decline of burned
area has consequences for predictions of future changes to the atmosphere, vegetation,
and the terrestrial carbon sink.
            
            
              Science
              , this issue p.
              1356
            
          , 
            Global burned area has declined by {\textasciitilde}25\% over the past 18 years.
          , 
            Fire is an essential Earth system process that alters ecosystem and atmospheric composition. Here we assessed long-term fire trends using multiple satellite data sets. We found that global burned area declined by 24.3 ± 8.8\% over the past 18 years. The estimated decrease in burned area remained robust after adjusting for precipitation variability and was largest in savannas. Agricultural expansion and intensification were primary drivers of declining fire activity. Fewer and smaller fires reduced aerosol concentrations, modified vegetation structure, and increased the magnitude of the terrestrial carbon sink. Fire models were unable to reproduce the pattern and magnitude of observed declines, suggesting that they may overestimate fire emissions in future projections. Using economic and demographic variables, we developed a conceptual model for predicting fire in human-dominated landscapes.},
	pages = {1356--1362},
	number = {6345},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	shortjournal = {Science},
	author = {Andela, N. and Morton, D. C. and Giglio, L. and Chen, Y. and van der Werf, G. R. and Kasibhatla, P. S. and {DeFries}, R. S. and Collatz, G. J. and Hantson, S. and Kloster, S. and Bachelet, D. and Forrest, M. and Lasslop, G. and Li, F. and Mangeon, S. and Melton, J. R. and Yue, C. and Randerson, J. T.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2017-06-30},
	langid = {english},
	file = {A human-driven decline in global burned area.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\A human-driven decline in global burned area.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{li_anthropogenic_2021,
	title = {Anthropogenic climate change contribution to wildfire-prone weather conditions in the Cerrado and Arc of deforestation},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1748-9326},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1e3a},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ac1e3a},
	abstract = {Abstract
            2015 saw the strongest El Niño event in the historical record, resulting in extreme drought conditions in Brazil. As drought conditions may also lead to greater fire danger, this study uses the 2015 fire in Brazil as a case study to examine whether and to what extent human-induced climate change has contributed to the fire weather conditions in the Cerrado and the southern Amazonia transitional forests known as the Arc of deforestation. Our results show that anthropogenic climate change is indeed a driver of meteorological conditions conducive to strong fire weather in these two regions, measured by fire weather index ({FWI}), especially on shorter timescales of daily and weekly. The anthropogenic climate change signal of {FWI} on short timescales corresponds to a similar order of increase in the {FWI} sub-indices (initial spread index and fine fuel moisture code) that can rapidly change due to the influence of the instantaneous weather conditions. For both regions the changes in fire weather in response to anthropogenic climate change are dominated by the combination of temperature and relative humidity responses. High {FWI} is more likely to occur under El Niño conditions, less likely under La Niña conditions, although the impacts of El Niño vs La Niña conditions are not symmetric when compared with El Niño Southern Oscillation neutral states. To summarize, both human-induced climate change and the presence of El Niño increased the likelihood of occurrence for the strong fire weather condition in 2015. Our results suggest that local and regional adaptation measures, such as improved drought monitoring and warning systems, could help with effective planning of fire prevention, firefighting actions, and disaster preparedness.},
	pages = {094051},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Research Letters},
	shortjournal = {Environ. Res. Lett.},
	author = {Li, Sihan and Sparrow, Sarah N and Otto, Friederike E L and Rifai, Sami W and Oliveras, Imma and Krikken, Folmer and Anderson, Liana O and Malhi, Yadvinder and Wallom, David},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2021-09-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Anthropogenic climate change contribution to wildfire-prone weather conditions in the Cerrado and Arc of deforestation.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Anthropogenic climate change contribution to wildfire-prone weather conditions in the Cerrado and Arc of deforestation.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{nascimento_clima_2020,
	title = {Clima do Cerrado: dinâmica atmosférica e características, variabilidades e tipologias climáticas},
	author = {Nascimento, Diego Tarley Ferreira and Novais, Giuliano Tostes},
	date = {2020},
	langid = {portuguese},
	file = {Clima  do  Cerrado - dinâmica atmosférica e características, variabilidades e tipologias climáticas.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\Clima  do  Cerrado - dinâmica atmosférica e características, variabilidades e tipologias climáticas.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{archibald_climate_2010,
	title = {Climate and the inter-annual variability of fire in southern Africa: a meta-analysis using long-term field data and satellite-derived burnt area data: Fire-climate interactions},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1466822X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00568.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00568.x},
	shorttitle = {Climate and the inter-annual variability of fire in southern Africa},
	abstract = {Aim This study investigates inter-annual variability in burnt area in southern Africa and the extent to which climate is responsible for this variation. We compare data from long-term ﬁeld sites across the region with remotely sensed burnt area data to test whether it is possible to develop a general model.},
	pages = {794--809},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
	author = {Archibald, S. and Nickless, A. and Govender, N. and Scholes, R. J. and Lehsten, V.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2010-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Climate and the inter-annual variability of fire in Southern Africa - a meta-analysis using long-term field data and satellite-derived burnt area data.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Archibald\\Climate and the inter-annual variability of fire in Southern Africa - a meta-analysis using long-term field data and satellite-derived burnt area data.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{klink_conservation_2005,
	title = {Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0888-8892, 1523-1739},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00702.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00702.x},
	abstract = {The Cerrado is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots. In the last 35 years, more than 50\% of its approximately 2 million km2 has been transformed into pasture and agricultural lands planted in cash crops. The Cerrado has the richestflora among the world's savannas ({\textgreater} 7000 species) and high levels of endemism. Species richness of birds, fishes, reptiles, amphibians, and insects is equally high, whereas mammal diversity is relatively low. Deforestation rates have been higher in the Cerrado than in the Amazon rainforest, and conservation efforts have been modest: only 2.2\% of its area is under legal protection. Numerous animal and plant species are threatened with extinction, and an estimated 20\% of threatened and endemic species do not occur in protected areas. Soil erosion, the degradation of the diverse Cerrado vegetation formations, and the spread of exotic grasses are widespread and major threats. The use of fire for clearing land and to encourage newgrowthforpasture has also caused damage, even though the Cerrado is afire-adapted ecosystem. Ecosystem experiments and modeling show that change in land cover is altering the hydrology and affecting carbon stocks andfluxes. Cerrado agriculture is lucrative, and agricultural expansion is expected to continue, requiring improvements in and extension of the transportation infrastructure, which will affect not only the Cerrado but also the Amazon forest. Large-scale landscape modification and threats to numerous species have led to renewed interest from various sectors in promoting the conservation of the Cerrado, particularly through strengthening and enlarging the system ofprotected areas and improving farming practices and thus the livelihoods of local communities.},
	pages = {707--713},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Conservation Biology},
	shortjournal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Klink, Carlos A. and Machado, Ricardo B.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2005-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{silva_drivers_2020,
	title = {Drivers of burned area patterns in Cerrado: the case of {MATOPIBA} region},
	abstract = {The Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) is one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in the world. Being a fire-dependent biome, its structure and vegetation dynamics are shaped by and rely on the natural occurring fire regime. Over the last decades, Cerrado has been increasingly threatened by accelerated land cover changes, namely the uncontrolled and intense use of fire for land expansion. This is particularly seen in Brazil’s new agricultural frontier in northeastern Cerrado: the {MATOPIBA} region. Changes in {MATOPIBA}’s fire regime resulting from this rapid expansion are still poorly understood. Here we use satellite-derived datasets to analyze burned area patterns in {MATOPIBA} over the last 18 years, at the microregions level. We further evaluate the role of climate and land use in spatial and temporal burned area variability and assess their trends in the last two decades. Results show an increased contribution of {MATOPIBA} to Cerrado’s total burned area over the last few years: Maranhão and Tocantins present the highest values of total burned area with some microregions burning more than twice its area over the study period. Climate is shown to play a relevant role in {MATOPIBA}’s fire activity, explaining 52\% of the interannual variance, whereas land use and burned area were found to have more complex interactions that are highly dependent on the regional context. Lastly, climate and land use drivers are found to have an overall increasing trend over the last two decades, whereas burned area trends show much heterogeneity within {MATOPIBA}.},
	journaltitle = {2020 {IEEE} Latin American {GRSS} \& {ISPRS} Remote Sensing Conference ({LAGIRS})},
	author = {Silva, P S and Rodrigues, J A and Santos, F L M and Pereira, A A and Nogueira, J and {DaCamara}, C C and Libonati, R},
	date = {2020},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Drives of burned area patterns in Cerrado - the case of Matopiba region.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Drives of burned area patterns in Cerrado - the case of Matopiba region.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{rosan_extensive_2019,
	title = {Extensive 21st‐Century Woody Encroachment in South America's Savanna},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0094-8276, 1944-8007},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019GL082327},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GL082327},
	abstract = {Woody encroachment is occurring in all tropical savannas of the world. However, in the Brazilian savanna (the Cerrado), the extent of this phenomenon is still poorly documented. Here woody encroachment was quantiﬁed throughout the Cerrado biome and transitional ecotones using a trend analysis of the annual maximum of enhanced vegetation index obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. The associations with potential local drivers, such as ﬁre and land use regime, were assessed using satellite data of land cover and ﬁre regime. We found that 19\% of the remaining native vegetation showed signiﬁcant evidence of woody encroachment in the last 15 years and 7\% exhibited degradation processes. The local factors that favored woody expansion in 19\% of the biome were a decrease of ﬁre (34\%) and land use abandonment (26\%). Our study highlights that local human‐associated drivers are playing a major role in woody encroachment and savanna degradation.},
	pages = {6594--6603},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	shortjournal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
	author = {Rosan, Thais M. and Aragão, Luiz E.O.C. and Oliveras, Imma and Phillips, Oliver L. and Malhi, Yadvinder and Gloor, Emanuel and Wagner, Fabien H.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2019-06-28},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Extensive twenty-first century woody encroachment in South America Savanna.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\ecology\\Extensive twenty-first century woody encroachment in South America Savanna.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{mistry_fire_1998,
	title = {Fire in the cerrado (savannas) of Brazil: an ecological review},
	volume = {22},
	abstract = {Fire is a major determinant of cerrado (savanna) vegetation in Brazil, and is used as a management tool during the dry season. This has consequently induced a long history of fire studies in the region. This article reviews past and present fire ecology studies in the cerrado, and emphasizes the need for a more applied approach to future work.},
	pages = {425--448},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Progress in Physical Geography},
	author = {Mistry, Jayalaxshmi},
	date = {1998},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Fire in the cerrado (savannas) of Brazil an ecological review.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Fire in the cerrado (savannas) of Brazil an ecological review.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{schmidt_fire_2020,
	title = {Fire regime in the Brazilian Savanna: Recent changes, policy and management},
	volume = {268},
	issn = {03672530},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0367253020300773},
	doi = {10.1016/j.flora.2020.151613},
	shorttitle = {Fire regime in the Brazilian Savanna},
	abstract = {In 2019 Brazil recorded the highest wildland fire occurrence South America has seen for the last 15 years. Added to the Amazon, the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) faces changes in fire regimes. Climatic changes and the recent weakening of environmental law enforcement are factors, but historic and large-scale trends and drivers of fire regimes must be analyzed. We discuss ecological and policy drivers of recent changes in fire regimes in the Cerrado, in order to highlight management strategies. The Cerrado has evolved with natural fires and anthropogenic fires are also common for millennia. In the past 50 years, wildfires tend to be concentrated in the late dry season and to occur every two / three years, causing serious damage in fire-sensitive vegetation. Apart from climatic variations, the drivers of wildfires are deforestation and fire suppression policies. Nearly half of the original vegetation of the Cerrado biome has disappeared largely due to agribusiness expansion. Fire is associated with deforestation in two ways: vegetation conversion to monocultures, and lack of fire management in the remaining native vegetation. Indeed, the attempts to exclude fires from this fire-prone ecosystem disrupted traditional fire management. Fire suppression policies lead to increased wildfire risks due to fuel load and the multiplication of sources of ignition (conflicts, roads). The recent advances in Integrated Fire Management in protected areas in the Cerrado are evident. However, the recent budget cuts by the Brazilian government in environmental management and research undermine the chances of decreasing occurrences of wildfires in this biodiversity hotspot.},
	pages = {151613},
	journaltitle = {Flora},
	shortjournal = {Flora},
	author = {Schmidt, Isabel Belloni and Eloy, Ludivine},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2020-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Fire regime in the Brazilian Savanna - Recent changes, policy and management.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Fire regime in the Brazilian Savanna - Recent changes, policy and management.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{flannigan_global_2013,
	title = {Global wildland fire season severity in the 21st century},
	volume = {294},
	issn = {03781127},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112712006196},
	doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2012.10.022},
	abstract = {We used Cumulative Severity Rating ({CSR}), a weather-based ﬁre danger metric, to examine the potential inﬂuence of climate change on global ﬁre season severity. The potential inﬂuence of climate change on ﬁre season length was also addressed. We used three General Circulation Models ({GCMs}) and three emission scenarios to calculate the {CSR} and ﬁre season length for mid-century (2041–2050) and late century (2091–2100) relative to the 1971–2000 baseline. Our results suggest signiﬁcant increases in the {CSR} for all models and scenarios. Increases were greatest (more than three times greater than the baseline {CSR}) for the Northern Hemisphere at the end of the century. Fire season length changes were also most pronounced at the end of the century and for northern high latitudes where ﬁre season lengths will increase by more than 20 days per year. The implications from this study are that ﬁre seasons will be more severe in future and that conventional ﬁre management approaches may no longer be effective.},
	pages = {54--61},
	journaltitle = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	shortjournal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Flannigan, Mike and Cantin, Alan S. and de Groot, William J. and Wotton, Mike and Newbery, Alison and Gowman, Lynn M.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2013-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Global wildland fire season severity in the 21st century.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Global wildland fire season severity in the 21st century.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{wu_historical_2021,
	title = {Historical and future global burned area with changing climate and human demography},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {25903322},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2590332221001299},
	doi = {10.1016/j.oneear.2021.03.002},
	abstract = {Wildﬁres inﬂuence terrestrial carbon cycling and represent a safety risk, and yet a process-based understanding of their frequency and spatial distributions remains elusive. We combine satellite-based observations with an enhanced dynamic global vegetation model to make regionally resolved global assessments of burned area ({BA}) responses to changing climate, derived from 34 Earth system models and human demographics for 1860–2100. Limited by climate and socioeconomics, recent {BA} has decreased, especially in central South America and mesic African savannas. However, future simulations predict increasing {BA} due to changing climate, rapid population density growth, and urbanization. {BA} increases are especially notable at high latitudes, due to accelerated warming, and over the tropics and subtropics, due to drying and human ignitions. Conversely, rapid urbanization also limits {BA} via enhanced ﬁre suppression in the immediate vicinity of settlements, offsetting the potential for dramatic future increases, depending on warming extent. Our analysis provides further insight into regional and global {BA} trends, highlighting the importance of including human demographic change in models for wildﬁre under changing climate.},
	pages = {517--530},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {One Earth},
	shortjournal = {One Earth},
	author = {Wu, Chao and Venevsky, Sergey and Sitch, Stephen and Mercado, Lina M. and Huntingford, Chris and Staver, A. Carla},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2021-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Historical and future global burned area with changing climate and human demography.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Historical and future global burned area with changing climate and human demography.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ramos-neto_lightning_2000,
	title = {Lightning Fires in a Brazilian Savanna National Park: Rethinking Management Strategies},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0364-152X, 1432-1009},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s002670010124},
	doi = {10.1007/s002670010124},
	shorttitle = {Lightning Fires in a Brazilian Savanna National Park},
	pages = {675--684},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Management},
	shortjournal = {Environmental Management},
	author = {Ramos-Neto, Mário Barroso and Pivello, Vânia Regina},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2000-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Lightning Fires in a Brazilian Savanna National Park Rethinking Management Strategies.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Lightning Fires in a Brazilian Savanna National Park Rethinking Management Strategies.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{archibald_managing_2016,
	title = {Managing the human component of fire regimes: lessons from Africa},
	volume = {371},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0346},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2015.0346},
	shorttitle = {Managing the human component of fire regimes},
	abstract = {Human impacts on fire regimes accumulated slowly with the evolution of modern humans able to ignite fires and manipulate landscapes. Today, myriad voices aim to influence fire in grassy ecosystems to different ends, and this is complicated by a colonial past focused on suppressing fire and preventing human ignitions. Here, I review available evidence on the impacts of people on various fire characteristics such as the number and size of fires, fire intensity, fire frequency and seasonality of fire in African grassy ecosystems, with the intention of focusing the debate and identifying areas of uncertainty. Humans alter seasonal patterns of fire in grassy systems but tend to decrease total fire emissions: livestock have replaced fire as the dominant consumer in many parts of Africa, and fragmented landscapes reduce area burned. Humans alter the season and time of day when fires occur, with important implications for fire intensity, tree–grass dynamics and greenhouse gas ({GHG}) emissions. Late season fires are more common when fire is banned or illegal: these later fires are far more intense but emit fewer {GHGs}. The types of fires which preserve human livelihoods and biodiversity are not always aligned with the goal of reducing {GHG} concentrations. Current fire management challenges therefore involve balancing the needs of a large rural population against national and global perspectives on the desirability of different types of fire, but this cannot happen unless the interests of all parties are equally represented. In the future, Africa is expected to urbanize and land use to intensify, which will imply different trajectories for the continent's fire regimes.
            This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind.},
	pages = {20150346},
	number = {1696},
	journaltitle = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B},
	author = {Archibald, Sally},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2016-06-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Managing the human component of fire regimes - lessons from Africa.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Archibald\\Managing the human component of fire regimes - lessons from Africa.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{silva_putting_2021,
	title = {Putting fire on the map of Brazilian savanna ecoregions},
	volume = {296},
	issn = {03014797},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479721011609},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113098},
	abstract = {The Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) is considered the most floristically diverse savanna in the world, home to more than seven thousand species. The region is a mosaic of savannas, grasslands and forests whose unique biophysical and landscape attributes are on the basis of a recent ecoregional map, paving the way to improved region-based strategies for land management actions. However, as a fire-prone ecosystem, Cerrado owes much of its distri­ bution and ecological properties to the fire regime and contributes to an important parcel of South America burned area. Accordingly, any attempt to use ecoregion geography as a guide for management strategies should take fire into account, as an essential variable. The main aim of this study is to complement the ecoregional map of the Cerrado with information related to the fire component. Using remotely sensed information, we identify patterns and trends of fire frequency, intensity, seasonality, extent and scar size, and combine this information for each ecoregion, relying on a simple classification that summarizes the main fire characteristics over the last two decades. Results show a marked north-south fire activity gradient, with increased contributions from {MATOPIBA}, the latest agricultural frontier. Five ecoregions alone account for two thirds of yearly burned area. More intense fires are found in the Arc of Deforestation and eastern ecoregions, while ecoregions in {MATOPIBA} display decreasing fire intensity. An innovative analysis of fire scars stratified by size class shows that infrequent large fires are responsible for the majority of burned area. These large fires display positive trends over many ecoregions, whereas smaller fires, albeit more frequent, have been decreasing in number. The final fire classi­ fication scheme shows well defined spatially-aggregated groups, where trends are found to be the key factor to evaluate fire within their regional contexts. Results presented here provide new insights to improve fire man­ agement strategies under a changing climate.},
	pages = {113098},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	author = {Silva, Patrícia S. and Nogueira, Joana and Rodrigues, Julia A. and Santos, Filippe L.M. and Pereira, José M.C. and {DaCamara}, Carlos C. and Daldegan, Gabriel A. and Pereira, Allan A. and Peres, Leonardo F. and Schmidt, Isabel B. and Libonati, Renata},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2021-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Putting fire on the map of Brazilian savanna ecoregions.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Putting fire on the map of Brazilian savanna ecoregions.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{mataveli_satellite_2018,
	title = {Satellite observations for describing fire patterns and climate-related fire drivers in the Brazilian savannas},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1684-9981},
	url = {https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/18/125/2018/},
	doi = {10.5194/nhess-18-125-2018},
	abstract = {In the Brazilian savannas (Cerrado biome) ﬁres are natural and a tool for shifting land use; therefore, temporal and spatial patterns result from the interaction of climate, vegetation condition and human activities. Moreover, orbital sensors are the most effective approach to establish patterns in the biome. We aimed to characterize ﬁre, precipitation and vegetation condition regimes and to establish spatial patterns of ﬁre occurrence and their correlation with precipitation and vegetation condition in the Cerrado. The Cerrado was ﬁrst and second biome for the occurrence of burned areas ({BA}) and hotspots, respectively. Occurrences are higher during the dry season and in the savanna land use. Hotspots and {BA} tend to decrease, and concentrate in the north, but more intense hotspots are not necessarily located where concentration is higher. Spatial analysis showed that averaged and summed values can hide patterns, such as for precipitation, which has the lowest average in August, but minimum precipitation in August was found in 7 \% of the Cerrado. Usually, there is a 2–3-month lag between minimum precipitation and maximum hotspots and {BA}, while minimum {VCI} and maximum hotspots and {BA} occur in the same month. Hotspots and {BA} are better correlated with {VCI} than precipitation, qualifying {VCI} as an indicator of the susceptibility of vegetation to ignition.},
	pages = {125--144},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.},
	author = {Mataveli, Guilherme Augusto Verola and Silva, Maria Elisa Siqueira and Pereira, Gabriel and da Silva Cardozo, Francielle and Kawakubo, Fernando Shinji and Bertani, Gabriel and Costa, Julio Cezar and de Cássia Ramos, Raquel and da Silva, Viviane Valéria},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2018-01-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Satellite observations for describing fire patterns and climate-related fire drivers in the Brazilian savannas.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Satellite observations for describing fire patterns and climate-related fire drivers in the Brazilian savannas.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{stevens_savanna_2017,
	title = {Savanna woody encroachment is widespread across three continents},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1354-1013, 1365-2486},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.13409},
	doi = {10.1111/gcb.13409},
	abstract = {Tropical savannas are a globally extensive biome prone to rapid vegetation change in response to changing environmental conditions. Via a meta-analysis, we quantiﬁed savanna woody vegetation change spanning the last century. We found a global trend of woody encroachment that was established prior the 1980s. However, there is critical regional variation in the magnitude of encroachment. Woody cover is increasing most rapidly in the remaining uncleared savannas of South America, most likely due to ﬁre suppression and land fragmentation. In contrast, Australia has experienced low rates of encroachment. When accounting for land use, African savannas have a mean rate annual woody cover increase two and a half times that of Australian savannas. In Africa, encroachment occurs across multiple land uses and is accelerating over time. In Africa and Australia, rising atmospheric {CO}2, changing land management and rainfall are likely causes. We argue that the functional traits of each woody ﬂora, speciﬁcally the N-ﬁxing ability and architecture of woody plants, are critical to predicting encroachment over the next century and that African savannas are at high risk of widespread vegetation change.},
	pages = {235--244},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Global Change Biology},
	shortjournal = {Glob Change Biol},
	author = {Stevens, Nicola and Lehmann, Caroline E. R. and Murphy, Brett P. and Durigan, Giselda},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2017-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Savanna woody encroachment is widespread across three continents.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\savannahs\\Savanna woody encroachment is widespread across three continents.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{archibald_southern_2010,
	title = {Southern African fire regimes as revealed by remote sensing},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1049-8001},
	url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=WF10008},
	doi = {10.1071/WF10008},
	abstract = {Here we integrate spatial information on annual burnt area, fire frequency, fire seasonality, fire radiative power and fire size distributions to produce an integrated picture of fire regimes in southern Africa. The regional patterns are related to gradients of environmental and human controls of fire, and compared with findings from other grass-fuelled fire systems on the globe. The fire regime differs across a gradient of human land use intensity, and can be explained by the differential effect of humans on ignition frequencies and fire spread. Contrary to findings in the savannas of Australia, there is no obvious increase in fire size or fire intensity from the early to the late fire season in southern Africa, presumably because patterns of fire ignition are very different. Similarly, the importance of very large fires in driving the total annual area burnt is not obvious in southern Africa. These results point to the substantial effect that human activities can have on fire in a system with high rural population densities and active fire management. Not all aspects of a fire regime are equally impacted by people: fire-return time and fire radiative power show less response to human activities than fire size and annual burned area.},
	pages = {861},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
	shortjournal = {Int. J. Wildland Fire},
	author = {Archibald, S. and Scholes, R. J. and Roy, D. P. and Roberts, G. and Boschetti, L.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2010},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Southern African fire regimes as revealed by remote sensing.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Archibald\\Southern African fire regimes as revealed by remote sensing.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{abreu_biodiversity_2017,
	title = {The biodiversity cost of carbon sequestration in tropical savanna},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1701284},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1701284},
	abstract = {Forest expansion into Brazilian savanna due to fire suppression causes precipitous species loss.
          , 
            
              Tropical savannas have been increasingly viewed as an opportunity for carbon sequestration through fire suppression and afforestation, but insufficient attention has been given to the consequences for biodiversity. To evaluate the biodiversity costs of increasing carbon sequestration, we quantified changes in ecosystem carbon stocks and the associated changes in communities of plants and ants resulting from fire suppression in savannas of the Brazilian Cerrado, a global biodiversity hotspot. Fire suppression resulted in increased carbon stocks of 1.2 Mg ha
              −1
              year
              −1
              since 1986 but was associated with acute species loss. In sites fully encroached by forest, plant species richness declined by 27\%, and ant richness declined by 35\%. Richness of savanna specialists, the species most at risk of local extinction due to forest encroachment, declined by 67\% for plants and 86\% for ants. This loss highlights the important role of fire in maintaining biodiversity in tropical savannas, a role that is not reflected in current policies of fire suppression throughout the Brazilian Cerrado. In tropical grasslands and savannas throughout the tropics, carbon mitigation programs that promote forest cover cannot be assumed to provide net benefits for conservation.},
	pages = {e1701284},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Science Advances},
	shortjournal = {Sci. Adv.},
	author = {Abreu, Rodolfo C. R. and Hoffmann, William A. and Vasconcelos, Heraldo L. and Pilon, Natashi A. and Rossatto, Davi R. and Durigan, Giselda},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2017-08-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The biodiversity cost of carbon sequestration in tropical savanna.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\savannahs\\The biodiversity cost of carbon sequestration in tropical savanna.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{hofmann_brazilian_2021,
	title = {The Brazilian Cerrado is becoming hotter and drier},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1354-1013, 1365-2486},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15712},
	doi = {10.1111/gcb.15712},
	abstract = {The Brazilian Cerrado is a global biodiversity hotspot with notoriously high rates of native vegetation suppression and wildfires over the past three decades. As a result, climate change can already be detected at both local and regional scales. In this study, we used three different approaches based on independent datasets to investigate possible changes in the daytime and nighttime temperature and air humidity between the peak of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season in the Brazilian Cerrado. Additionally, we evaluated the tendency of dew point depression, considering it as a proxy to assess impacts on biodiversity. Monthly increases of 2.2−4.0℃ in the maximum temperatures and 2.4−2.8℃ in the minimum temperatures between 1961 and 2019 were recorded, supported by all analyzed datasets which included direct observations, remote sensing, and modeling data. The warming raised the vapor pressure deficit, and although we recorded an upward trend in absolute humidity, relative humidity has reduced by {\textasciitilde}15\%. If these tendencies are maintained, gradual air warming will make nightly cooling insufficient to reach the dew point in the early hours of the night. Therefore, it will progressively reduce both the amount and duration of nocturnal dewfall, which is the main source of water for numerous plants and animal species of the Brazilian Cerrado during the dry season. Through several examples, we hypothesize that these climate changes can have a high impact on biodiversity and potentially cause ecosystems to collapse. We emphasize that the effects of temperature and humidity on Cerrado ecosystems cannot be neglected and should be further explored from a land use perspective.},
	pages = {4060--4073},
	number = {17},
	journaltitle = {Global Change Biology},
	shortjournal = {Glob. Change Biol.},
	author = {Hofmann, Gabriel S. and Cardoso, Manoel F. and Alves, Ruy J. V. and Weber, Eliseu J. and Barbosa, Alexandre A. and Toledo, Peter M. and Pontual, Francisco B. and Salles, Leandro de O. and Hasenack, Heinrich and Cordeiro, José L. P. and Aquino, Francisco E. and Oliveira, Luiz F. B.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2021-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The Brazilian Cerrado is becoming hotter and drier.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\The Brazilian Cerrado is becoming hotter and drier.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{durigan_need_2016,
	title = {The need for a consistent fire policy for Cerrado conservation},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {00218901},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.12559},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2664.12559},
	pages = {11--15},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	shortjournal = {J Appl Ecol},
	author = {Durigan, Giselda and Ratter, James A.},
	editor = {James, Jeremy},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2016-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The need for a consistent fire policy for Cerrado conservation.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\conservation\\The need for a consistent fire policy for Cerrado conservation.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{pivello_use_2011,
	title = {The Use of Fire in the Cerrado and Amazonian Rainforests of Brazil: Past and Present},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1933-9747},
	url = {https://fireecology.springeropen.com/articles/10.4996/fireecology.0701024},
	doi = {10.4996/fireecology.0701024},
	shorttitle = {The Use of Fire in the Cerrado and Amazonian Rainforests of Brazil},
	abstract = {Humans have been changing the natural fire regimes in most Brazilian vegetation types for over 4000 years. Natural lightning fires can easily happen in savannas and grasslands, but they are rare in the moist rainforests. Today, anthropogenic fires are frequent in both the fire-adapted cerrado (Brazilian savanna) and the fire-sensitive rainforest. In this paper, I compare two very different biomes concerning their susceptibilities and responses to fire: the Amazon rainforest and the cerrado. I present an overview of their fire history, especially regarding human-made fires for land management, and pull together information about the use of fire by indigenous peoples in the cerrado and the Amazon, as this information is very fragmented. Accordingly, I describe how fire regimes have changed in these biomes over time due to agricultural practices and the consequences of the current altered fire regimes. After European settlement, fire frequency greatly increased in the cerrado, especially related to cattle ranching, and more recently in the more seasonal landscapes in the Amazon. In cerrado natural preserves, however, managers try to keep fire away, but wildfires eventually come and develop into destructive events. Actions to reduce biodiversity loss and environmental deterioration due to inappropriate fire management are necessary and should be very distinct in both areas: in the Amazon they would include the development of policies to stimulate fire-free, small-scale agricultural projects, and in the cerrado, sustainable use of fire for cattle ranching is possible but the regimes must be fitted to local specific features in order to avoid land degradation. In cerrado conservation areas, proper fire management programs based on scientific knowledge and the incorporation of the traditional expertise of indigenous peoples are needed to maintain the biological diversity, to maintain the ecological processes, and to reduce wildfires.},
	pages = {24--39},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Fire Ecology},
	shortjournal = {fire ecol},
	author = {Pivello, Vânia R.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2011-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The Use of Fire in the Cerrado and Amazonian Rainforests of Brazil-last.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\The Use of Fire in the Cerrado and Amazonian Rainforests of Brazil-last.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{fidelis_year_2018,
	title = {The Year 2017: Megafires and Management in the Cerrado},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2571-6255},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/1/3/49},
	doi = {10.3390/fire1030049},
	shorttitle = {The Year 2017},
	abstract = {The year 2017 was a megaﬁre year, when huge areas burned on different continents. In Brazil, a great extension of the Cerrado burned, raising once more the discussion about the “zero-ﬁre” policy. Indeed, most protected areas of the Cerrado adopted a policy of ﬁre exclusion and prevention, leading to periodic megaﬁre events. Last year, 78\% of the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park burned at the end of the dry season, attracting media attention. Furthermore, 85\% of the Reserva Natural Serra do Tombador burned as a result of a large accumulation of fuel caused by the zero-ﬁre policy. In 2014, some protected areas started to implement the Integrate Fire Management ({IFM}) strategy. During 2017, in contrast to other protected areas, the Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins experienced no megaﬁre events, suggesting that a few years of {IFM} implementation led to changes in its ﬁre regime. Therefore, we intended here to compare the total burned area and number of ﬁre scars between the protected areas where {IFM} was implemented and those where ﬁre exclusion is the adopted policy. The use of ﬁre as a management tool aimed at wildﬁre prevention and biodiversity preservation should be reconsidered by local managers and environmental authorities for most Cerrado protected areas, especially those where open savanna physiognomies prevail. Changing the paradigm is a hard task, but last year’s events showed the zero-ﬁre policy would bring more damage than beneﬁts to Cerrado protected areas.},
	pages = {49},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Fire},
	shortjournal = {Fire},
	author = {Fidelis, Alessandra and Alvarado, Swanni and Barradas, Ana and Pivello, Vânia},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2018-12-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The Year 2017 - Megafires and Management in the Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\The Year 2017 - Megafires and Management in the Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{arruda_trends_2018,
	title = {Trends and gaps of the scientific literature about the effects of fire on Brazilian Cerrado},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1676-0611},
	url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1676-06032018000100211&lng=en&tlng=en},
	doi = {10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2017-0426},
	abstract = {Fire management is an important issue in the Brazilian Cerrado, since both anthropogenic high intensity fires and complete fire suppression can reduce the biodiversity in this biome. In this paper, we highlight the trends in scientific literature about fire effects in the Cerrado, aiming to detect possible gaps and to indicate directions of future scientific research. We searched for articles in the periodic database Web of Knowledge from 1991 to 2016, and observed an increase in the number of publications throughout the years. Most articles were associated with Brazilian institutions (58\%), followed by those with collaboration between Brazilian and international institutions (33\%), and those published by authors exclusively from international institutions (9\%). Most articles addressed the effects of fire on biodiversity (77\%), followed by articles about abiotic environment (19\%), and then biotic interactions or interactions between organisms and environment (4\%). The most studied taxonomic group was plants (75\%), followed by mammals (8\%) and insects (6\%), with the remaining taxa comprising about 11\% of publications. The Federal District was the federative unit with the greatest number of studies (31\%). The majority of studies was conducted in areas with fewer fire events, whereas areas with major incidence of fires are poorly studied. Our data shows that studies on the effect of fires on the Brazilian Cerrado are geographically and taxonomically biased. This lack of knowledge limits the extrapolations about the effects of fire on this biome. Therefore, we emphasize the need for investment in research in areas with high fire frequency and also for an increase in knowledge about these effects on the biota, especially on the fauna. This action is fundamental to support the development of public policies for effective and directed fire management in the Cerrado.},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Biota Neotropica},
	shortjournal = {Biota Neotrop.},
	author = {Arruda, Filipe Viegas de and Sousa, Diego Guimarães de and Teresa, Fabrício Barreto and Prado, Vitor Hugo Mendonça do and Cunha, Hélida Ferreira da and Izzo, Thiago Junqueira},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2018-03-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Trends and gaps of the scientific literature about the effects of fire on Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Trends and gaps of the scientific literature about the effects of fire on Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{archibald_what_2009,
	title = {What limits fire? An examination of drivers of burnt area in Southern Africa},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {13541013, 13652486},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01754.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01754.x},
	shorttitle = {What limits fire?},
	abstract = {The factors controlling the extent of ﬁre in Africa south of the equator were investigated using moderate resolution (500 m) satellite-derived burned area maps and spatial data on the environmental factors thought to affect burnt area. A random forest regression tree procedure was used to determine the relative importance of each factor in explaining the burned area fraction and to address hypotheses concerned with human and climatic inﬂuences on the drivers of burnt area. The model explained 68\% of the variance in burnt area. Tree cover, rainfall in the previous 2 years, and rainfall seasonality were the most important predictors. Human activities – represented by grazing, roads per unit area, population density, and cultivation fraction – were also shown to affect burnt area, but only in parts of the continent with speciﬁc climatic conditions, and often in ways counter to the prevailing wisdom that more human activity leads to more ﬁre. The analysis found no indication that ignitions were limiting total burnt area on the continent, and most of the spatial variation was due to variation in fuel load and moisture. Split conditions from the regression tree identiﬁed (i) low rainfall regions, where ﬁre is rare; (ii) regions where ﬁre is under human control; and (iii) higher rainfall regions where burnt area is determined by rainfall seasonality. This study provides insights into the physical, climatic, and human drivers of ﬁre and their relative importance across southern Africa, and represents the beginnings of a predictive framework for burnt area.},
	pages = {613--630},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Archibald, Sally and Roy, David P. and van {WILGEN}, Brian W. and Scholes, Robert J.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2009-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {What limits fire - An examination of burned area in Southern Africa.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Archibald\\What limits fire - An examination of burned area in Southern Africa.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{bowman_fire_2009,
	title = {Fire in the Earth System},
	volume = {324},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1163886},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1163886},
	abstract = {Burn, Baby, Burn
            
              Wildfires can have dramatic and devastating effects on landscapes and human structures and are important agents in environmental transformation. Their impacts on nonanthropocentric aspects of the environment, such as ecosystems, biodiversity, carbon reserves, and climate, are often overlooked.
              
                Bowman
                et al.
              
              (p.
              481
              ) review what is known and what is needed to develop a holistic understanding of the role of fire in the Earth system, particularly in view of the pervasive impact of fires and the likelihood that they will become increasingly difficult to control as climate changes.
            
          , 
            Fire is a worldwide phenomenon that appears in the geological record soon after the appearance of terrestrial plants. Fire influences global ecosystem patterns and processes, including vegetation distribution and structure, the carbon cycle, and climate. Although humans and fire have always coexisted, our capacity to manage fire remains imperfect and may become more difficult in the future as climate change alters fire regimes. This risk is difficult to assess, however, because fires are still poorly represented in global models. Here, we discuss some of the most important issues involved in developing a better understanding of the role of fire in the Earth system.},
	pages = {481--484},
	number = {5926},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	shortjournal = {Science},
	author = {Bowman, David M. J. S. and Balch, Jennifer K. and Artaxo, Paulo and Bond, William J. and Carlson, Jean M. and Cochrane, Mark A. and D’Antonio, Carla M. and {DeFries}, Ruth S. and Doyle, John C. and Harrison, Sandy P. and Johnston, Fay H. and Keeley, Jon E. and Krawchuk, Meg A. and Kull, Christian A. and Marston, J. Brad and Moritz, Max A. and Prentice, I. Colin and Roos, Christopher I. and Scott, Andrew C. and Swetnam, Thomas W. and van der Werf, Guido R. and Pyne, Stephen J.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2009-04-24},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Fire in the Earth System.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Fire in the Earth System.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{malhi_exploring_2009,
	title = {Exploring the likelihood and mechanism of a climate-change-induced dieback of the Amazon rainforest},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0804619106},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0804619106},
	abstract = {We examine the evidence for the possibility that 21st-century climate change may cause a large-scale “dieback” or degradation of Amazonian rainforest. We employ a new framework for evaluating the rainfall regime of tropical forests and from this deduce precipitation-based boundaries for current forest viability. We then examine climate simulations by 19 global climate models ({GCMs}) in this context and find that most tend to underestimate current rainfall. {GCMs} also vary greatly in their projections of future climate change in Amazonia. We attempt to take into account the differences between {GCM}-simulated and observed rainfall regimes in the 20th century. Our analysis suggests that dry-season water stress is likely to increase in E. Amazonia over the 21st century, but the region tends toward a climate more appropriate to seasonal forest than to savanna. These seasonal forests may be resilient to seasonal drought but are likely to face intensified water stress caused by higher temperatures and to be vulnerable to fires, which are at present naturally rare in much of Amazonia. The spread of fire ignition associated with advancing deforestation, logging, and fragmentation may act as nucleation points that trigger the transition of these seasonal forests into fire-dominated, low biomass forests. Conversely, deliberate limitation of deforestation and fire may be an effective intervention to maintain Amazonian forest resilience in the face of imposed 21st-century climate change. Such intervention may be enough to navigate E. Amazonia away from a possible “tipping point,” beyond which extensive rainforest would become unsustainable.},
	pages = {20610--20615},
	number = {49},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
	author = {Malhi, Yadvinder and Aragão, Luiz E. O. C. and Galbraith, David and Huntingford, Chris and Fisher, Rosie and Zelazowski, Przemyslaw and Sitch, Stephen and {McSweeney}, Carol and Meir, Patrick},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2009-12-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {20610.full.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\huntingford\\20610.full.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{fidelis_above-_2013,
	title = {Above- and below-ground biomass and carbon dynamics in Brazilian Cerrado wet grasslands},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {11009233},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01465.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01465.x},
	abstract = {Methods: We determined biomass above- and below-ground, estimated carbon stocks in biennially burned plots (B2) and plots excluded from ﬁre for 4 yr (B4). Moreover, we determined biomass in both rainy and dry seasons. Samples were 0.25 m 9 0.25 m 9 0.2 m (eight samples per treatment, applying a nested design, total of 48 samples). The biomass was classiﬁed in above-ground graminoids, forbs and dead matter, and below-ground roots and other below-ground organs. We used {ANOVA} to compare variables between treatments and seasons.
Results: More than 40\% of the total biomass and carbon stocks were located below-ground, mostly in roots. A high proportion of dead biomass (B4) was found in the above-ground material, probably due to low decomposition rates and consequent accumulation over the years. Although these grasslands do not experience water stress, we found signiﬁcant evidence of resource re-allocation from below-ground organs to the above-ground biomass in the rainy season.
Conclusions: We found more dead biomass in the rainy season, probably due to low decomposition rates, which can increase ﬁre risk in these grasslands during the following dry season. These tropical wet grasslands stored high amounts of carbon (621 to 716 g C.{mÀ}2), mostly in the roots. Thus, policymakers should consider tropical grasslands as potential carbon stocks, since they are one of the most threatened and unprotected ecosystems in Brazil.},
	pages = {356--364},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Vegetation Science},
	shortjournal = {J Veg Sci},
	author = {Fidelis, Alessandra and Lyra, Maria Fernanda di Santi and Pivello, Vânia Regina},
	editor = {Wildi, Otto},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2013-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Above- and below-ground biomass and carbon dynamics in Brazilian Cerrado wet grasslands.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\fire behaviour\\Above- and below-ground biomass and carbon dynamics in Brazilian Cerrado wet grasslands.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{jepson_access_2010,
	title = {Access Regimes and Regional Land Change in the Brazilian Cerrado, 1972–2002},
	volume = {100},
	issn = {0004-5608, 1467-8306},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00045600903378960},
	doi = {10.1080/00045600903378960},
	pages = {87--111},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Annals of the Association of American Geographers},
	shortjournal = {Annals of the Association of American Geographers},
	author = {Jepson, Wendy and Brannstrom, Christian and Filippi, Anthony},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2010-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Access Regimes and Regional Land Change in the Brazilian Cerrado 1972 2002.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\land-use\\Access Regimes and Regional Land Change in the Brazilian Cerrado 1972 2002.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ramo_african_2021,
	title = {African burned area and fire carbon emissions are strongly impacted by small fires undetected by coarse resolution satellite data},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2011160118},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2011160118},
	abstract = {Significance
            
              Fires burn an area comparable to Europe each year, emitting greenhouse gases and aerosols. We compared burned area ({BA}) based on 20-m resolution images with a {BA} derived from 500-m data. It represents an 80\% increase in {BA} in sub-Saharan Africa, responsible for about 70\% of global {BA}. This difference is predominately (87\%) attributed to small fires ({\textless}100 ha), which account for 41\% of total {BA} but only for 5\% in coarse-resolution products. We found that African fires were responsible for emissions of 1.44 {PgC}, 31–101\% higher than previous estimates and representing 14\% of global {CO}
              2
              emissions from fossil fuel burning. We conclude that small fires are critically important in characterizing the most important disturbance agent on a global scale.
            
          , 
            
              Fires are a major contributor to atmospheric budgets of greenhouse gases and aerosols, affect soils and vegetation properties, and are a key driver of land use change. Since the 1990s, global burned area ({BA}) estimates based on satellite observations have provided critical insights into patterns and trends of fire occurrence. However, these global {BA} products are based on coarse spatial-resolution sensors, which are unsuitable for detecting small fires that burn only a fraction of a satellite pixel. We estimated the relevance of those small fires by comparing a {BA} product generated from Sentinel-2 {MSI} (Multispectral Instrument) images (20-m spatial resolution) with a widely used global {BA} product based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ({MODIS}) images (500 m) focusing on sub-Saharan Africa. For the year 2016, we detected 80\% more {BA} with Sentinel-2 images than with the {MODIS} product. This difference was predominately related to small fires: we observed that 2.02 Mkm
              2
              (out of a total of 4.89 Mkm
              2
              ) was burned by fires smaller than 100 ha, whereas the {MODIS} product only detected 0.13 million km
              2
              {BA} in that fire-size class. This increase in {BA} subsequently resulted in increased estimates of fire emissions; we computed 31 to 101\% more fire carbon emissions than current estimates based on {MODIS} products. We conclude that small fires are a critical driver of {BA} in sub-Saharan Africa and that including those small fires in emission estimates raises the contribution of biomass burning to global burdens of (greenhouse) gases and aerosols.},
	pages = {e2011160118},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
	author = {Ramo, Ruben and Roteta, Ekhi and Bistinas, Ioannis and van Wees, Dave and Bastarrika, Aitor and Chuvieco, Emilio and van der Werf, Guido R.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2021-03-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {African burned area and fire carbon emissions are strongly impacted by small fires undetected by coarse resolution satellite data.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\African burned area and fire carbon emissions are strongly impacted by small fires undetected by coarse resolution satellite data.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{libonati_algorithm_2015,
	title = {An Algorithm for Burned Area Detection in the Brazilian Cerrado Using 4 µm {MODIS} Imagery},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/11/15782},
	doi = {10.3390/rs71115782},
	pages = {15782--15803},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Libonati, Renata and {DaCamara}, Carlos and Setzer, Alberto and Morelli, Fabiano and Melchiori, Arturo},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2015-11-24},
	langid = {english},
	file = {An algorithm for burned area detection in the Brazilian Cerrado using 4um MODIS imagery.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\remote sensing\\An algorithm for burned area detection in the Brazilian Cerrado using 4um MODIS imagery.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{arruda_alternative_2021,
	title = {An alternative approach for mapping burn scars using Landsat imagery, Google Earth Engine, and Deep Learning in the Brazilian Savanna},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {23529385},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352938521000082},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100472},
	abstract = {The Cerrado biome in Brazil is characterized by a mosaic of vegetation types similar to African savanna and has one of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world. Wildfires have historically contributed to shaping the natural vegetation and are now being used in the establishment and management of agricultural systems and pastures. Consequently, the fire regime has been changing over the last few decades and increasingly affecting native vegetation, natural habitats, and ecosystem services in tropical regions. Mapping fire dynamics and spatial distribution are crucial to assess impacts on ecosystems and to define and enforce strategies and measures of fire control and prevention. In this study, we developed an alternative approach for mapping burned areas in the Cerrado biome in Brazil, using Landsat imagery and Deep Learning algorithm, implemented on the Google Earth Engine and on Google Cloud Storage platform. We compared our mapping results with two Burned Area products developed by {INPE} (30 m resolution) and {MODIS} {MCD}64A1 Burned Area Product (500 m resolution). Addi­ tionally, we assessed the accuracies of these three mapping products using 2,200 validation points within the study area. By comparing our mapping result with {MCD}64A1 and {INPE} burn scar products, we estimated an average agreement of 34\% for both. We observed that most mapping disagreements were mainly because of the effects of clouds/shadow conditions that affected the ability for spectral observations, differences in method­ ologies, and spatial resolution of each remotely sensed datasets used for mapping burned areas. Our validation results indicated an overall accuracy of 97\% of our methodological approach for mapping burned areas and, therefore, it can be successfully applied across savanna regions. Our results showed that 202,230 km2 was affected by fires within the Cerrado biome in 2017, in which 31\% overlapped cropping lands (agricultural fields and pastures) and 67\% overlapped various types of native vegetation (forest, savanna and grassland). Our proposed methodological approach and its results can be useful to enforce environmental command and control policies and to estimate carbon emissions, analyses interactions between climate and ecological drivers of fire, develop predictive models of fire risk dynamics, and providing spatial information that can help public policies and fire management/prevention actions for the Cerrado conservation.},
	pages = {100472},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment},
	author = {Arruda, Vera L.S. and Piontekowski, Valderli J. and Alencar, Ane and Pereira, Reginaldo S. and Matricardi, Eraldo A.T.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2021-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {An alternative approach for mapping burn scars using Landsat imagery, Google Earth Engine, and Deep Learning in the Brazilian Savanna.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\An alternative approach for mapping burn scars using Landsat imagery, Google Earth Engine, and Deep Learning in the Brazilian Savanna.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{giglio_analysis_2013,
	title = {Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database ({GFED}4)},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {21698953},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jgrg.20042},
	doi = {10.1002/jgrg.20042},
	shorttitle = {Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database ({GFED}4)},
	pages = {317--328},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
	shortjournal = {J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci.},
	author = {Giglio, Louis and Randerson, James T. and van der Werf, Guido R.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2013-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4).pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\remote sensing\\Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4).pdf:application/pdf},
}

@report{mataveli_analysis_2017,
	title = {Analysis of fire dynamics in the Brazilian savannas},
	url = {https://nhess.copernicus.org/preprints/nhess-2017-90/nhess-2017-90.pdf},
	abstract = {Abstract. Wildfires play a key role in the ecology of savannas. The Brazilian savannas (Cerrado biome), where the extension of burned areas and amount of fires can be more numerous than in the Amazon, is frequently burned due to natural fires or land-use and land-cover ({LULC}) changes. Thus, we aimed to understand the occurrence and the dynamics of fires in the Cerrado using active fire, burned area, precipitation, vegetation condition, estimated using the Vegetation Condition Index ({VCI}), and {LULC} data derived from orbital sensors. Results show that the Cerrado was, respectively, the second and first Brazilian biome for the occurrence of hotspots and burned area, which are concentrated during the dry season (May to September), especially in September, when the annual deficit in precipitation and extreme vegetation conditions reached maximum indices. Higher densities of hotspots concentrated in the Northern of the biome, while 75 \% of the occurrences were found in the natural remnants of the Cerrado. Totals of hotspots and burned area were higher in years of lower precipitation, such as 2007 and 2010. Spatial correlations showed that hotspots and burned area are better correlated with precipitation than vegetation condition, especially in the Central North and Northeast of the Cerrado.},
	institution = {Other Hazards (e.g., Glacial and Snow Hazards, Karst, Wildfires Hazards, and Medical Geo-Hazards)},
	type = {preprint},
	author = {Mataveli, Guilherme Augusto Verola and Silva, Maria Elisa Siqueira and Pereira, Gabriel and da Silva Cardozo, Francielle and Kawakubo, Fernando Shinji and Bertani, Gabriel and Costa, Julio Cezar and de Cássia Ramos, Raquel and da Silva, Viviane Valéria},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2017-03-08},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.5194/nhess-2017-90},
	file = {Analysis of fire dynamics in the Brazilian savannas.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Analysis of fire dynamics in the Brazilian savannas.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{grecchi_assessing_2013,
	title = {Assessing the spatio-temporal rates and patterns of land-use and land-cover changes in the Cerrados of southeastern Mato Grosso, Brazil},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0143-1161, 1366-5901},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01431161.2013.788798},
	doi = {10.1080/01431161.2013.788798},
	pages = {5369--5392},
	number = {15},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
	shortjournal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
	author = {Grecchi, Rosana Cristina and Gwyn, Q. Hugh J. and Bénié, Goze Bertin and Formaggio, Antônio Roberto},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2013-08-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Assessing the spatio temporal rates and patterns of land use and land cover changes in the Cerrados of southeastern Mato Grosso Brazil.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\land-use\\Assessing the spatio temporal rates and patterns of land use and land cover changes in the Cerrados of southeastern Mato Grosso Brazil.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{melo_assessing_2021,
	title = {Assessing Wildfire Regimes in Indigenous Lands of the Brazilian Savannah-Like Cerrado},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2571-6255},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/4/3/34},
	doi = {10.3390/fire4030034},
	abstract = {The Brazilian savannah-like Cerrado is classiﬁed as a ﬁre-dependent biome. Human activities have altered the ﬁre regimes in the region, and as a result, not all ﬁres have ecological beneﬁts. The indigenous lands ({ILs}) of the Brazilian Cerrado have registered the recurrence of forest ﬁres. Thus, the diagnosis of these events is fundamental to understanding the burning regimes and their consequences. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the ﬁre regimes in Cerrado’s indigenous lands from 2008 to 2017. We used the Landsat time series, at 30 m spatial resolution, available in the Google Earth Engine platform to delineate the burned areas. We used precipitation data from a meteorological station to deﬁne the rainy season ({RS}), early dry season ({EDS}), middle dry season ({MDS}), and late dry season ({LDS}) periods. During 2008–2017, our results show that the total burned area in the indigenous lands and surrounding area was 2,289,562 hectares, distributed in 14,653 scars. Most ﬁres took place between June and November, and the annual burned area was quite different in the years studied. It was also possible to identify areas with high ﬁre recurrence. The ﬁre regime patterns described here are the ﬁrst step towards understanding the ﬁre regimes in the region and establishing directions to improve management strategies and guide public policies.},
	pages = {34},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Fire},
	shortjournal = {Fire},
	author = {Melo, Pedro and Sparacino, Javier and Argibay, Daihana and Sousa Júnior, Vicente and Barros, Roseli and Espindola, Giovana},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2021-07-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Assessing Wildfire Regimes in Indigenous Lands of the Brazilian Savannah-like Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Assessing Wildfire Regimes in Indigenous Lands of the Brazilian Savannah-like Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{myers_biodiversity_2000,
	title = {Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities},
	volume = {403},
	issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/35002501},
	doi = {10.1038/35002501},
	pages = {853--858},
	number = {6772},
	journaltitle = {Nature},
	shortjournal = {Nature},
	author = {Myers, Norman and Mittermeier, Russell A. and Mittermeier, Cristina G. and da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B. and Kent, Jennifer},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2000-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\conservation\\Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{archibald_biological_2018,
	title = {Biological and geophysical feedbacks with fire in the Earth system},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1748-9326},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9ead},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa9ead},
	abstract = {Roughly 3\% of the Earth’s land surface burns annually, representing a critical exchange of energy and matter between the land and atmosphere via combustion. Fires range from slow smouldering peat ﬁres, to low-intensity surface ﬁres, to intense crown ﬁres, depending on vegetation structure, fuel moisture, prevailing climate, and weather conditions. While the links between biogeochemistry, climate and ﬁre are widely studied within Earth system science, these relationships are also mediated by fuels—namely plants and their litter—that are the product of evolutionary and ecological processes. Fire is a powerful selective force and, over their evolutionary history, plants have evolved traits that both tolerate and promote ﬁre numerous times and across diverse clades. Here we outline a conceptual framework of how plant traits determine the ﬂammability of ecosystems and interact with climate and weather to inﬂuence ﬁre regimes. We explore how these evolutionary and ecological processes scale to impact biogeochemical and Earth system processes. Finally, we outline several research challenges that, when resolved, will improve our understanding of the role of plant evolution in mediating the ﬁre feedbacks driving Earth system processes. Understanding current patterns of ﬁre and vegetation, as well as patterns of ﬁre over geological time, requires research that incorporates evolutionary biology, ecology, biogeography, and the biogeosciences.},
	pages = {033003},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Research Letters},
	shortjournal = {Environ. Res. Lett.},
	author = {Archibald, S and Lehmann, C E R and Belcher, C M and Bond, W J and Bradstock, R A and Daniau, A-L and Dexter, K G and Forrestel, E J and Greve, M and He, T and Higgins, S I and Hoffmann, W A and Lamont, B B and {McGlinn}, D J and Moncrieff, G R and Osborne, C P and Pausas, J G and Price, O and Ripley, B S and Rogers, B M and Schwilk, D W and Simon, M F and Turetsky, M R and Van der Werf, G R and Zanne, A E},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2018-03-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Biological and geophysical feedbacks with fire in the Earth system.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Biological and geophysical feedbacks with fire in the Earth system.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{pereira_burned_2017,
	title = {Burned Area Mapping in the Brazilian Savanna Using a One-Class Support Vector Machine Trained by Active Fires},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/11/1161},
	doi = {10.3390/rs9111161},
	abstract = {We used the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite ({VIIRS}) active ﬁre data (375 m spatial resolution) to automatically extract multispectral samples and train a One-Class Support Vector Machine for burned area mapping, and applied the resulting classiﬁcation algorithm to 300-m spatial resolution imagery from the Project for On-Board Autonomy-Vegetation ({PROBA}-V). The active ﬁre data were screened to prevent extraction of unrepresentative burned area samples and combined with surface reﬂectance bi-weekly composites to produce burned area maps. The procedure was applied over the Brazilian Cerrado savanna, validated with reference maps obtained from Landsat images and compared with the Collection 6 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer ({MODIS}) Burned Area product ({MCD}64A1) Results show that the algorithm developed improved the detection of small-sized scars and displayed results more similar to the reference data than {MCD}64A1. Unlike active ﬁre-based region growing algorithms, the proposed approach allows for the detection and mapping of burn scars without active ﬁres, thus eliminating a potential source of omission error. The burned area mapping approach presented here should facilitate the development of operational-automated burned area algorithms, and is very straightforward for implementation with other sensors.},
	pages = {1161},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Pereira, Allan and Pereira, José and Libonati, Renata and Oom, Duarte and Setzer, Alberto and Morelli, Fabiano and Machado-Silva, Fausto and de Carvalho, Luis},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2017-11-14},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Burned Area Mapping in the Brazilian Savanna Using One Support vecotr.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Burned Area Mapping in the Brazilian Savanna Using One Support vecotr.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{nogueira_can_2016,
	title = {Can We Go Beyond Burned Area in the Assessment of Global Remote Sensing Products with Fire Patch Metrics?},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/1/7},
	doi = {10.3390/rs9010007},
	abstract = {Global burned area ({BA}) datasets from satellite Earth observations provide information for carbon emission and for Dynamic Global Vegetation Model ({DGVM}) benchmarking. Fire patch identiﬁcation from pixel-level information recently emerged as an additional way of providing informative features about ﬁre regimes through the analysis of patch size distribution. We evaluated the ability of global {BA} products to accurately represent morphological features of ﬁre patches, in the ﬁre-prone Brazilian savannas. We used the pixel-level burned area from {LANDSAT} images, as well as two global products: {MODIS} {MCD}45A1 and the European Space Agency ({ESA}) ﬁre Climate Change Initiative ({FIRE}\_CCI) product for the 2002–2009 time period. Individual ﬁre patches were compared by linear regressions to test the consistency of global products as a source of burned patch shape information. Despite commission and omission errors respectively reaching 0.74 and 0.81 for {ESA} {FIRE}\_CCI and 0.64 and 0.62 for {MCD}45A1 when compared to {LANDSAT} due to missing small ﬁres, correlations between patch areas showed R2 {\textgreater} 0.6 for all comparisons, with a slope of 0.99 between {ESA} {FIRE}\_CCI and {MCD}45A1 but a lower slope (0.6–0.8) when compared to the {LANDSAT} data. Shape complexity between global products was less correlated (R2 = 0.5) with lower values (R2 = 0.2) between global products and {LANDSAT} data, due to their coarser resolution. For the morphological features of the ellipse ﬁtted over ﬁre patches, R2 reached 0.6 for the ellipse’s eccentricity and varied from 0.4 to 0.8 for its azimuthal directional angle. We conclude that global {BA} products underestimate total {BA} as they miss small ﬁres, but they also underestimate burned patch areas. Patch complexity is the least correlated variable, but ellipse features appear to provide information to be further used for quality product assessment, global pyrogeography or {DGVM} benchmarking.},
	pages = {7},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Nogueira, Joana and Ruffault, Julien and Chuvieco, Emilio and Mouillot, Florent},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2016-12-25},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Can We Go Beyond Burned Area in the Assessment of Global Remote Sensing Products with Fire Patch Metrics.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Can We Go Beyond Burned Area in the Assessment of Global Remote Sensing Products with Fire Patch Metrics.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{sano_cerrado_2019,
	title = {Cerrado ecoregions: A spatial framework to assess and prioritize Brazilian savanna environmental diversity for conservation},
	volume = {232},
	issn = {03014797},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479718313732},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.108},
	shorttitle = {Cerrado ecoregions},
	abstract = {The Brazilian Cerrado is the second largest biome in Latin America, extending over more than 200 million ha and hosts some of the most intensive agricultural activities for grain and beef production in the world. Because of the biodiversity richness and high levels of endemism, Cerrado is considered one of world's hotspot for biodiversity conservation. The objectives of this study are three-fold: to present a comprehensive division of Cerrado into diﬀerent ecoregions that reﬂect the environmental heterogeneity within the biome; to analyze the ecoregions in terms of biophysical characteristics, protected areas, environmental liability in riparian permanent protection areas along watercourses, and priorities for biodiversity conservation; and to rank the ecoregions in terms of endangerment for biodiversity conservation and restoration. A previous study that delineated 22 ecoregions using geomorphology, vegetation, soil, geology, and plant diversity maps was revised using topography, vegetation, precipitation, and soil maps. Our new ecoregion map consists of 19 units that are unique in terms of landscape characteristics and has been adjusted to the current oﬃcial boundary map of Cerrado. Some of the ecoregions consist of only one geomorphological compartment, whereas others are heterogeneous, consisting of up to eight compartments. Ferralsols comprise the dominant soil type in 14 of the ecoregions. The percentage of protected areas within ecoregions ranges from 1.7\% to 51.5\%. The most endangered ecoregion, where land use change critically threatens habitat integrity, is the Depressão Cárstica do São Francisco (states of Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Piauí), where environmental liability along riparian permanent protection areas amounts to 85.6\% of the total area. Our proposed ecoregion map provides a spatial framework for regional and local assessments to improve decision-making processes to reconcile conservation and restoration planning, sustainable agriculture, and provision of ecosystem services. Besides de adjustment of the previous Cerrado's ecoregion map to the oﬃcial biome boundary (relevant for the implementation of public policies of conservation as those regulated by the Brazilian Forest Code), the new analyses of the ecoregion map represent a substantial improvement in comparison to the ones conducted by the previous study in 2003. In addition, current web resources allow us to make all the information used or derived from this study available to other users. This opens the possibility of additional improvements of our ﬁndings by the scientiﬁc community or to be used eﬀectively by decision makers.},
	pages = {818--828},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	author = {Sano, Edson E. and Rodrigues, Ariane A. and Martins, Eder S. and Bettiol, Giovana M. and Bustamante, Mercedes M.C. and Bezerra, Amanda S. and Couto, Antônio F. and Vasconcelos, Vinicius and Schüler, Jéssica and Bolfe, Edson L.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2019-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Cerrado ecoregions A spatial framework to assess and prioritize Brazilian savanna environmental diversity for conservation.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\ecology\\Cerrado ecoregions A spatial framework to assess and prioritize Brazilian savanna environmental diversity for conservation.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{glasspool_charcoal_2004,
	title = {Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	url = {https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/32/5/381-383/29429},
	doi = {10.1130/G20363.1},
	abstract = {Rare basal Pr´dı o´lıplant fossils, which resemble the rhyniophytoid Hollandophyton colliculum and have exceptional three-dimensional cellular anatomy, are preserved as charcoal. As such, these fossils from Ludford Lane in the Welsh Borders are evidence of the earliest recorded wildﬁre and are the ﬁrst documented from before the Devonian. The fossils represent the charred remains of a low-growing, low-diversity, in situ rhyniophytoid or cryptospore-bearing plant vegetation charred during a low-temperature ﬁre.},
	pages = {381},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Geology},
	shortjournal = {Geol},
	author = {Glasspool, I.J. and Edwards, D. and Axe, L.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2004},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{barlow_clarifying_2020,
	title = {Clarifying Amazonia's burning crisis},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1354-1013, 1365-2486},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.14872},
	doi = {10.1111/gcb.14872},
	pages = {319--321},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Global Change Biology},
	shortjournal = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Barlow, Jos and Berenguer, Erika and Carmenta, Rachel and França, Filipe},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2020-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Clarifying Amazonia's burning crisis.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Clarifying Amazonia's burning crisis.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{jolly_climate-induced_2015,
	title = {Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms8537},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms8537},
	pages = {7537},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
	shortjournal = {Nat Commun},
	author = {Jolly, W. Matt and Cochrane, Mark A. and Freeborn, Patrick H. and Holden, Zachary A. and Brown, Timothy J. and Williamson, Grant J. and Bowman, David M. J. S.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2015-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{mistry_community_2016,
	title = {Community owned solutions for fire management in tropical ecosystems: case studies from Indigenous communities of South America},
	volume = {371},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0174},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2015.0174},
	shorttitle = {Community owned solutions for fire management in tropical ecosystems},
	abstract = {Fire plays an increasingly significant role in tropical forest and savanna ecosystems, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and impacting on biodiversity. Emerging research shows the potential role of Indigenous land-use practices for controlling deforestation and reducing {CO}
              2
              emissions. Analysis of satellite imagery suggests that Indigenous lands have the lowest incidence of wildfires, significantly contributing to maintaining carbon stocks and enhancing biodiversity. Yet acknowledgement of Indigenous peoples' role in fire management and control is limited, and in many cases dismissed, especially in policy-making circles. In this paper, we review existing data on Indigenous fire management and impact, focusing on examples from tropical forest and savanna ecosystems in Venezuela, Brazil and Guyana. We highlight how the complexities of community owned solutions for fire management are being lost as well as undermined by continued efforts on fire suppression and firefighting, and emerging approaches to incorporate Indigenous fire management into market- and incentive-based mechanisms for climate change mitigation. Our aim is to build a case for supporting Indigenous fire practices within all scales of decision-making by strengthening Indigenous knowledge systems to ensure more effective and sustainable fire management.
            
            This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.},
	pages = {20150174},
	number = {1696},
	journaltitle = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B},
	author = {Mistry, Jayalaxshmi and Bilbao, Bibiana A. and Berardi, Andrea},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2016-06-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Community owned solutions for fire management in tropical ecosystems case studies from Indigenous communities of South America.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Community owned solutions for fire management in tropical ecosystems case studies from Indigenous communities of South America.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{hoffmann_comparative_2003,
	title = {Comparative fire ecology of tropical savanna and forest trees: \textit{Fire traits of savanna and forest trees}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {02698463},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2003.00796.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2003.00796.x},
	shorttitle = {Comparative fire ecology of tropical savanna and forest trees},
	pages = {720--726},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Hoffmann, William A. and Orthen, Birgit and Nascimento, Paula Kielse Vargas do},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2003-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Comparative fire ecology of tropical savanna and forest trees.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Comparative fire ecology of tropical savanna and forest trees.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{moreira_de_araujo_distribution_2012,
	title = {Distribution Patterns of Burned Areas in the Brazilian Biomes: An Analysis Based on Satellite Data for the 2002–2010 Period},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/7/1929},
	doi = {10.3390/rs4071929},
	shorttitle = {Distribution Patterns of Burned Areas in the Brazilian Biomes},
	abstract = {Fires modify the structure of vegetation communities, the carbon and water cycles, the soil’s chemistry, and affect the climate system. Within this context, this work aimed to understand the distribution patterns of burned areas in Brazil, during the period of 2002 to 2010, taking into consideration each one of the six Brazilian biomes (Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa and Pantanal) and the respective major land cover classes. Data from the {MODIS} {MCD}45A1 product (burned area), as well as thermal anomalies ({MOD}14 and {MYD}14) and precipitation ({TRMM}), were analyzed according to the 2002 Brazilian official land cover and land use map ({PROBIO}). The Brazilian savanna biome, known as Cerrado, presented the largest concentration of burned areas detected by {MODIS} (73\%), followed by the Amazon (14\%), Pantanal (6\%), Atlantic Forest (4\%), Caatinga (3\%), and Pampa (0,06\%) biomes. Indeed, in the years of 2007 and 2010, 90\% and 92\% of Brazil’s burned areas were concentrated in the Cerrado and Amazon biomes, respectively. {TRMM} data indicated that during these two years there was a significant influence of La Niña, causing low rainfall in the Amazon, Cerrado, Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest biomes. Regarding the land cover classes, approximately 81\% of the burned areas occurred over remnant vegetation areas. Although no unequivocal correlation can be established between burned areas and new land conversions, the conspicuous concentration of fire scars, particularly in Amazon–Cerrado transition (i.e., the Arc of Deforestation) is certainly not a simple coincidence. Such patterns and trends corroborate the need of improved territorial governance, in addition to the implementation of systematic fire warning and preventive systems.},
	pages = {1929--1946},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Moreira de Araújo, Fernando and Ferreira, Laerte Guimarães and Arantes, Arielle Elias},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2012-06-29},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Distribution Patterns of Burned Areas in the Brazilian Biomes An Analysis Based on Satellite Data for the 2002–2010 Period .pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Distribution Patterns of Burned Areas in the Brazilian Biomes An Analysis Based on Satellite Data for the 2002–2010 Period .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@collection{miranda_efeitos_2010,
	location = {Brasília},
	title = {Efeitos do regime de fogo sobre a estrutura de comunidades de Cerrado: Projeto Fogo},
	isbn = {978-85-7300-305-5},
	shorttitle = {Efeitos do regime de fogo sobre a estrutura de comunidades de Cerrado},
	pagetotal = {144},
	publisher = {Ibama {MMA}},
	editor = {Miranda, Heloisa Sinátora},
	date = {2010},
	langid = {portuguese},
	keywords = {Brazil, Fire ecology, Forest fires, Projeto Fogo (Brazil)},
	file = {Efeitos do regime do fogo sobre a estrutura de comunidades de cerrado Resultados do projeto Fogo.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Efeitos do regime do fogo sobre a estrutura de comunidades de cerrado Resultados do projeto Fogo.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{oliveras_effects_2013,
	title = {Effects of fire regimes on herbaceous biomass and nutrient dynamics in the Brazilian savanna},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1049-8001},
	url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=WF10136},
	doi = {10.1071/WF10136},
	abstract = {This study explores the long-term effects of fire treatments on biomass and nutrient pools in an open savanna from Central Brazil. Treatments included early, middle and late dry season burns every 2 years, a middle dry season burn every 4 years, and protection from fire on five 4-ha plots. We quantified aboveground biomass of graminoids and forbs/ sub-shurbs, and their nutrient concentrations and stocks in both dry and wet seasons, and below-ground biomass down to 30-cm depth. We found strong differences between wet and dry season, with biomass and nutrient concentrations being highest in the wet season, across all fire treatments. Fire treatments had significant effects on plant nutrient stocks and root distribution, although total biomass was not affected. Concentrations of the most volatile nutrients (N, S, K and P) were higher in the herbaceous aboveground biomass of the quadrennial and the unburnt plots, suggesting that increases in fire frequency would reduce the amount of nutrients in aboveground biomass and increase the concentration of fine roots at the soil surface. Results highlight the role of fire in maintaining community dynamics in the Brazilian savanna. Overall, the quadrennial burn appears to be the optimal fire regime in open Cerrado vegetation.},
	pages = {368},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
	shortjournal = {Int. J. Wildland Fire},
	author = {Oliveras, Immaculada and Meirelles, Sergio T. and Hirakuri, Valter L. and Freitas, Cenira R. and Miranda, Heloisa S. and Pivello, Vânia R.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2013},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Effects of fire regimes on herbaceous biomass and nutrient dynamics in the Brazilian savanna.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Effects of fire regimes on herbaceous biomass and nutrient dynamics in the Brazilian savanna.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{bustamante_estimating_2012,
	title = {Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from cattle raising in Brazil},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10584-012-0443-3},
	doi = {10.1007/s10584-012-0443-3},
	pages = {559--577},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Climatic Change},
	shortjournal = {Climatic Change},
	author = {Bustamante, Mercedes M. C. and Nobre, Carlos A. and Smeraldi, Roberto and Aguiar, Ana P. D. and Barioni, Luis G. and Ferreira, Laerte G. and Longo, Karla and May, Peter and Pinto, Alexandre S. and Ometto, Jean P. H. B.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2012-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from cattle raising in Brazil.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\land-use\\Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from cattle raising in Brazil.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{archibald_evolution_2012,
	title = {Evolution of human-driven fire regimes in Africa},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1118648109},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1118648109},
	abstract = {Human ability to manipulate fire and the landscape has increased over evolutionary time, but the impact of this on fire regimes and consequences for biodiversity and biogeochemistry are hotly debated. Reconstructing historical changes in human-derived fire regimes empirically is challenging, but information is available on the timing of key human innovations and on current human impacts on fire; here we incorporate this knowledge into a spatially explicit fire propagation model. We explore how changes in population density, the ability to create fire, and the expansion of agropastoralism altered the extent and seasonal distribution of fire as modern humans arose and spread through Africa. Much emphasis has been placed on the positive effect of population density on ignition frequency, but our model suggests this is less important than changes in fire spread and connectivity that would have occurred as humans learned to light fires in the dry season and to transform the landscape through grazing and cultivation. Different landscapes show different limitations; we show that substantial human impacts on burned area would only have started ∼4,000 B.P. in open landscapes, whereas they could have altered fire regimes in closed/dissected landscapes by ∼40,000 B.P. Dry season fires have been the norm for the past 200–300 ky across all landscapes. The annual area burned in Africa probably peaked between 4 and 40 kya. These results agree with recent paleocarbon studies that suggest that the biomass burned today is less than in the recent past in subtropical countries.},
	pages = {847--852},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
	author = {Archibald, Sally and Staver, A. Carla and Levin, Simon A.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2012-01-17},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Evolution of human-driven fire regimes in Africa.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\models\\Evolution of human-driven fire regimes in Africa.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{kelly_fire_2020,
	title = {Fire and biodiversity in the Anthropocene},
	volume = {370},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb0355},
	doi = {10.1126/science.abb0355},
	abstract = {Fire's growing impacts on ecosystems
            
              Fire has played a prominent role in the evolution of biodiversity and is a natural factor shaping many ecological communities. However, the incidence of fire has been exacerbated by human activity, and this is now affecting ecosystems and habitats that have never been fire prone or fire adapted. Kelly
              et al.
              review how such changes are already threatening species with extinction and transforming terrestrial ecosystems and discuss the trends causing changes in fire regimes. They also consider actions that could be taken by conservationists and policy-makers to help sustain biodiversity in a time of changing fire activity.
            
            
              Science
              , this issue p.
              eabb0355
            
          , 
            
              {BACKGROUND}
              Fire has shaped the diversity of life on Earth for millions of years. Variation in fire regimes continues to be a source of biodiversity across the globe, and many plants, animals, and ecosystems depend on particular temporal and spatial patterns of fire. Although people have been using fire to modify environments for millennia, the combined effects of human activities are now changing patterns of fire at a global scale—to the detriment of human society, biodiversity, and ecosystems. These changes pose a global challenge for understanding how to sustain biodiversity in a new era of fire. We synthesize how changes in fire activity are threatening species with extinction across the globe, highlight forward-looking methods for predicting the combined effects of human drivers and fire on biodiversity, and foreshadow emerging actions and strategies that could revolutionize how society manages fire for biodiversity in the Anthropocene.
            
            
              {ADVANCES}
              Our synthesis shows that interactions with anthropogenic drivers such as global climate change, land use, and biotic invasions are transforming fire activity and its impacts on biodiversity. More than 4400 terrestrial and freshwater species from a wide range of taxa and habitats face threats associated with modified fire regimes. Many species are threatened by an increase in fire frequency or intensity, but exclusion of fire in ecosystems that need it can also be harmful. The prominent role of human activity in shaping global ecosystems is the hallmark of the Anthropocene and sets the context in which models and actions must be developed. Advances in predictive modeling deliver new opportunities to couple fire and biodiversity data and to link them with forecasts of multiple drivers including drought, invasive plants, and urban growth. Making these connections also provides an opportunity for new actions that could revolutionize how society manages fire. Emerging actions include reintroduction of mammals that reduce fuels, green fire breaks comprising low-flammability plants, strategically letting wildfires burn under the right conditions, managed evolution of populations aided by new genomics tools, and deployment of rapid response teams to protect biodiversity assets. Indigenous fire stewardship and reinstatement of cultural burning in a modern context will enhance biodiversity and human well-being in many regions of the world. At the same time, international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are crucial to reduce the risk of extreme fire events that contribute to declines in biodiversity.
            
            
              {OUTLOOK}
              Conservation of Earth’s biological diversity will be achieved only by recognition of and response to the critical role of fire in shaping ecosystems. Global changes in fire regimes will continue to amplify interactions between anthropogenic drivers and create difficult trade-offs between environmental and social objectives. Scientific input will be crucial for navigating major decisions about novel and changing ecosystems. Strategic collection of data on fire, biodiversity, and socioeconomic variables will be essential for developing models to capture the feedbacks, tipping points, and regime shifts characteristic of the Anthropocene. New partnerships are also needed to meet the challenges ahead. At the local and regional scale, getting more of the “right” type of fire in landscapes that need it requires new alliances and networks to build and apply knowledge. At the national and global scale, biodiversity conservation will benefit from greater integration of fire into national biodiversity strategies and action plans and in the implementation of international agreements and initiatives such as the {UN} Convention on Biological Diversity. Placing the increasingly important role of people at the forefront of efforts to understand and adapt to changes in fire regimes is central to these endeavors.
              
                
                  Interactions between fire and anthropogenic drivers such as global climate change, land use, and invasive species are reshaping ecosystems worldwide.
                  A hotter and drier climate causes more extreme fire weather in southeastern Australia and significant loss of biota. Human-caused ignitions at the interface of urban areas and forests increase the risk of large, severe fires in the western United States, with growing human and ecological costs. In South Africa, fynbos shrublands depend on recurrent fire, yet invasive woody species can promote high-intensity fires that harm native plants and seedbanks. Changes in climate, land use, and species redistributions are underpinned by socioeconomic drivers. In many parts of the world, cessation of traditional fire practices has been linked with detrimental outcomes for biodiversity. In the fire-dependent savannas (cerrado) of Brazil, deliberate use of fire by Indigenous and local peoples, such as the Xavante, can have positive effects on biodiversity.
                
                
                {PHOTO} {CREDITS}: J. {CARMODY} / {AUSTRALIAN} {BROADCASTING} {CORPORATION} ({TOP} {LEFT}), {AAP} {PHOTOS} ({TOP} {RIGHT}), A. {DE} {LANGE} ({BOTTOM} {LEFT}), J. R. {WELCH} ({BOTTOM} {RIGHT})
              
            
          , 
            Fire has been a source of global biodiversity for millions of years. However, interactions with anthropogenic drivers such as climate change, land use, and invasive species are changing the nature of fire activity and its impacts. We review how such changes are threatening species with extinction and transforming terrestrial ecosystems. Conservation of Earth’s biological diversity will be achieved only by recognizing and responding to the critical role of fire. In the Anthropocene, this requires that conservation planning explicitly includes the combined effects of human activities and fire regimes. Improved forecasts for biodiversity must also integrate the connections among people, fire, and ecosystems. Such integration provides an opportunity for new actions that could revolutionize how society sustains biodiversity in a time of changing fire activity.},
	pages = {eabb0355},
	number = {6519},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	shortjournal = {Science},
	author = {Kelly, Luke T. and Giljohann, Katherine M. and Duane, Andrea and Aquilué, Núria and Archibald, Sally and Batllori, Enric and Bennett, Andrew F. and Buckland, Stephen T. and Canelles, Quim and Clarke, Michael F. and Fortin, Marie-Josée and Hermoso, Virgilio and Herrando, Sergi and Keane, Robert E. and Lake, Frank K. and {McCarthy}, Michael A. and Morán-Ordóñez, Alejandra and Parr, Catherine L. and Pausas, Juli G. and Penman, Trent D. and Regos, Adrián and Rumpff, Libby and Santos, Julianna L. and Smith, Annabel L. and Syphard, Alexandra D. and Tingley, Morgan W. and Brotons, Lluís},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2020-11-20},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Fire and biodiversity in the Anthropocene.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Fire and biodiversity in the Anthropocene.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{bond_fire_2005,
	title = {Fire as a global ‘herbivore’: the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {01695347},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534705001321},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.025},
	shorttitle = {Fire as a global ‘herbivore’},
	pages = {387--394},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	shortjournal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Bond, W and Keeley, J},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2005-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Fire as a global ‘herbivore’ the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Fire as a global ‘herbivore’ the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{keeley_fire_2009,
	title = {Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1049-8001},
	url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=WF07049},
	doi = {10.1071/WF07049},
	shorttitle = {Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity},
	abstract = {Several recent papers have suggested replacing the terminology of fire intensity and fire severity. Part of the problem with fire intensity is that it is sometimes used incorrectly to describe fire effects, when in fact it is justifiably restricted to measures of energy output. Increasingly, the term has created confusion because some authors have restricted its usage to a single measure of energy output referred to as fireline intensity. This metric is most useful in understanding fire behavior in forests, but is too narrow to fully capture the multitude of ways fire energy affects ecosystems. Fire intensity represents the energy released during various phases of a fire, and different metrics such as reaction intensity, fireline intensity, temperature, heating duration and radiant energy are useful for different purposes. Fire severity, and the related term burn severity, have created considerable confusion because of recent changes in their usage. Some authors have justified this by contending that fire severity is defined broadly as ecosystem impacts from fire and thus is open to individual interpretation. However, empirical studies have defined fire severity operationally as the loss of or change in organic matter aboveground and belowground, although the precise metric varies with management needs. Confusion arises because fire or burn severity is sometimes defined so that it also includes ecosystem responses. Ecosystem responses include soil erosion, vegetation regeneration, restoration of community structure, faunal recolonization, and a plethora of related response variables. Although some ecosystem responses are correlated with measures of fire or burn severity, many important ecosystem processes have either not been demonstrated to be predicted by severity indices or have been shown in some vegetation types to be unrelated to severity. This is a critical issue because fire or burn severity are readily measurable parameters, both on the ground and with remote sensing, yet ecosystem responses are of most interest to resource managers.},
	pages = {116},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
	shortjournal = {Int. J. Wildland Fire},
	author = {Keeley, Jon E.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2009},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Fire intensity, fire severity and ecosystem responses.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Fire intensity, fire severity and ecosystem responses.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{schmidt_fire_2018,
	title = {Fire management in the Brazilian savanna: First steps and the way forward},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {00218901},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.13118},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2664.13118},
	shorttitle = {Fire management in the Brazilian savanna},
	pages = {2094--2101},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	shortjournal = {J Appl Ecol},
	author = {Schmidt, Isabel B. and Moura, Lívia C. and Ferreira, Maxmiller C. and Eloy, Ludivine and Sampaio, Alexandre B. and Dias, Paulo A. and Berlinck, Christian N.},
	editor = {Zenni, Rafael},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2018-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Fire management in the Brazilian savanna First steps and the way forward.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Fire management in the Brazilian savanna First steps and the way forward.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{minnich_fire_1983,
	title = {Fire Mosaics in Southern California and Northern Baja California},
	volume = {219},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.219.4590.1287},
	doi = {10.1126/science.219.4590.1287},
	pages = {1287--1294},
	number = {4590},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	shortjournal = {Science},
	author = {Minnich, Richard A.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {1983-03-18},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Fire mosaics in Southern California and Northern Baja California.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Fire mosaics in Southern California and Northern Baja California.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{bond_fires_2015,
	title = {Fires in the Cenozoic: a late flowering of flammable ecosystems},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1664-462X},
	url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2014.00749/abstract},
	doi = {10.3389/fpls.2014.00749},
	shorttitle = {Fires in the Cenozoic},
	abstract = {Modern ﬂammable ecosystems include tropical and subtropical savannas, steppe grasslands, boreal forests, and temperate sclerophyll shrublands. Despite the apparent ﬁery nature of much contemporary vegetation, terrestrial fossil evidence would suggest we live in a time of low ﬁre activity relative to the deep past. The inertinite content of coal, fossil charcoal, is strikingly low from the Eocene to the Pleistocene and no charcoaliﬁed mesofossils have been reported for the Cenozoic. Marine cores have been analyzed for charcoal in the North Paciﬁc, the north and south Atlantic off Africa, and the south China sea. These tell a different story with the oldest records indicating low levels of ﬁre activity from the Eocene but a surge of ﬁre from the late Miocene (∼7 Ma). Phylogenetic studies of woody plants adapted to frequent savanna ﬁres show them beginning to appear from the Late Miocene with peak origins in the late Pliocene in both South American and African lineages. Phylogenetic studies indicate ancient origins (60 Ma+) for clades characteristic of ﬂammable sclerophyll vegetation from Australia and the Cape region of South Africa. However, as for savannas, there was a surge of speciation from the Late Miocene associated with the retreat of closed ﬁre-intolerant forests. The wide geographic spread of increased ﬁre activity in the last few million years suggests a global cause. However, none of the potential global factors (oxygen, rainfall seasonality, {CO}2, novel ﬂammable growth forms) provides an adequate explanation as yet. The global patterns and processes of ﬁre and ﬂammable vegetation in the Cenozoic, especially since the Late Miocene, deserve much more attention to better understand ﬁre in the earth system.},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Plant Science},
	shortjournal = {Front. Plant Sci.},
	author = {Bond, William J.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2015-01-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Fires in the Cenozoic a late flowering of flammable ecosystem.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Fires in the Cenozoic a late flowering of flammable ecosystem.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{pausas_flammability_2017,
	title = {Flammability as an ecological and evolutionary driver},
	volume = {105},
	issn = {00220477},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2745.12691},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2745.12691},
	pages = {289--297},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Ecology},
	shortjournal = {J Ecol},
	author = {Pausas, Juli G. and Keeley, Jon E. and Schwilk, Dylan W.},
	editor = {Rees, Mark},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2017-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Flammability as an ecological and evolutionary driver.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Flammability as an ecological and evolutionary driver.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{rosan_fragmentation-driven_2022,
	title = {Fragmentation-Driven Divergent Trends in Burned Area in Amazonia and Cerrado},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2624-893X},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2022.801408/full},
	doi = {10.3389/ffgc.2022.801408},
	abstract = {The two major Brazilian biomes, the Amazonia and the Cerrado (savanna), are increasingly exposed to ﬁres. The Amazonian Forest is a ﬁre sensitive ecosystem where ﬁres are a typically rare disturbance while the Cerrado is naturally ﬁre-dependent. Human activities, such as landscape fragmentation and land-use management, have modiﬁed the ﬁre regime of the Cerrado and introduced ﬁre into the Amazonian Forest. There is limited understanding of the role of landscape fragmentation on ﬁre occurrence in the Amazonia and Cerrado biomes. Due to differences in vegetation structure, composition, and land use characteristics in each biome, we hypothesize that the emerging burned area ({BA}) patterns will result from biome-speciﬁc ﬁre responses to fragmentation. The aim of this study was to test the general relationship between {BA}, landscape fragmentation, and agricultural land in the Amazonia and the Cerrado biomes. To estimate the trends and status of landscape fragmentation a Forest Area Density ({FAD}) index was calculated based on the {MapBiomas} land cover dataset for both biomes between 2002 and 2018. {BA} fraction was analyzed within native vegetation against the {FAD} and agricultural land fraction. Our results showed an increase in landscape fragmentation across 16\% of Amazonia and 15\% of Cerrado. We identiﬁed an opposite relationship between {BA} fraction, and landscape fragmentation and agricultural fraction contrasting the two biomes. For Amazonia, both landscape fragmentation and agricultural fraction increased {BA} fraction due to an increase of human ignition activities. For the Cerrado, on the other hand, an increase in landscape fragmentation and agricultural fraction caused a decrease in {BA} fraction within the native vegetation. For both biomes, we found that during drought years {BA} increases whilst the divergent trends driven by fragmentation in the two contrasting global biomes is maintained. This understanding will be critical to informing the representation of ﬁre dynamics in ﬁre-enable Dynamic Global Vegetation Models and Earth System Models for climate projection and future ecosystem service provision.},
	pages = {801408},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Forests and Global Change},
	shortjournal = {Front. For. Glob. Change},
	author = {Rosan, Thais M. and Sitch, Stephen and Mercado, Lina M. and Heinrich, Viola and Friedlingstein, Pierre and Aragão, Luiz E. O. C.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2022-02-24},
	langid = {english},
	file = {10.3389-ffgc.2022.801408-citation.bib:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\Q6CEYRHR\\10.3389-ffgc.2022.801408-citation.bib:application/x-bibtex;Fragmentation-Driven Divergent Trends in Burned Area in Amazonia and Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Fragmentation-Driven Divergent Trends in Burned Area in Amazonia and Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{laurent_fry_2018,
	title = {{FRY}, a global database of fire patch functional traits derived from space-borne burned area products},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2052-4463},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2018132},
	doi = {10.1038/sdata.2018.132},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Vegetation fires are intrinsic ecosystem disturbances of the Earth system. Global burned area products have been delivered from several space-borne instruments, and have recently provided pixel-level information underpinning fire spread processes. Here we present {FRY}, a global database of fire patches with morphology-based functional traits reconstructed from pixel-based burned areas derived from the {MODIS} and {MERIS} imagery using a flood-fill algorithm. Each fire patch is characterized by the geo-location of its center, area, perimeter, the features of the ellipse fitted over its pixel’s spatial distribution, and different indices of patch complexity. We obtained a consistent spatial distribution of global fire patch functional traits between the {MCD}64A1 Collection 6 and the {MERIS} fire\_cci v4.1 datasets during their overlap period (2005-2011), confirming the robustness of the applied algorithm and the consistency between both products. This database is relevant to a broad spectrum of fire-related applications such as local to global functional pyrodiversity, fire emissions quantification, and the benchmarking of fire modules embedded in dynamic global vegetation models.},
	pages = {180132},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Data},
	shortjournal = {Sci Data},
	author = {Laurent, Pierre and Mouillot, Florent and Yue, Chao and Ciais, Philippe and Moreno, M. Vanesa and Nogueira, Joana M. P.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2018-07-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {FRY, a global database of fire patch functional traits derived from space-borne burned area product.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\FRY, a global database of fire patch functional traits derived from space-borne burned area product.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{silva_future_2016,
	title = {Future Projections of Fire Occurrence in Brazil Using {EC}-Earth Climate Model},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0102-7786},
	url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-77862016000700288&lng=en&tlng=en},
	doi = {10.1590/0102-778631320150142},
	abstract = {Fire has a fundamental role in the Earth system as it influences global and local ecosystem patterns and processes, such as vegetation distribution and structure, the carbon cycle and climate. Since, in the global context, Brazil is one of the regions with higher fire activity, an assessment is here performed of the sensitivity of the wildfire regime in Brazilian savanna and shrubland areas to changes in regional climate during the 21st Century, for an intermediate scenario ({RCP}4.5) of climate change. The assessment is based on a spatial and temporal analysis of a meteorological fire danger index specifically developed for Brazilian biomes, which was evaluated based on regional climate simulations of temperature, relative humidity and precipitation using the Rossby Centre Regional Climate Model ({RCA}4) forced by the {EC}-Earth earth system model. Results show a systematic increase in the extreme levels of fire danger throughout the 21st Century that mainly results from the increase in maximum daily temperature, which rises by about 2 °C between 2005 and 2100. This study provides new insights about projected fire activity in Brazilian woody savannas associated to climate change and is expected to benefit the user community, from governmental policies to land management and climate researches.},
	pages = {288--297},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia},
	shortjournal = {Rev. bras. meteorol.},
	author = {Silva, Patrícia and Bastos, Ana and {DaCamara}, Carlos C. and Libonati, Renata},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2016-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Future Projections of Fire Occurrence in Brazil using EC-Earth Climate Model.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Future Projections of Fire Occurrence in Brazil using EC-Earth Climate Model.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{chuvieco_generation_2008,
	title = {Generation of long time series of burn area maps of the boreal forest from {NOAA}–{AVHRR} composite data},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {00344257},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425707004701},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2007.11.007},
	abstract = {A time series of burned land areas was generated for a 23 year period (1984–2006) using 10-day composites of {AVHRR} data. The study area covers 1.6 million km2 of boreal forest in western Canada. The algorithm was intended to be consistent throughout the study period and region, and to avoid commission errors, so as to obtain a reliable sample of temporal trends in burned area in the region. The algorithm relies on temporal comparisons of several spectral indices ({GEMI}, {BAI}), as well as near infrared reflectance. It emphasizes the stability of the post-fire signal, to avoid false detections associated with cloud, cloud shadows, missed data and radiometric or geometric calibration between {AVHRR} sensors.},
	pages = {2381--2396},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	author = {Chuvieco, Emilio and Englefield, Peter and Trishchenko, Alexander P. and Luo, Yi},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2008-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Generation of long time series of burn area maps of the borealforest from NOAA–AVHRR composite data.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\remote sensing\\references from Chuvieco\\Generation of long time series of burn area maps of the borealforest from NOAA–AVHRR composite data.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{andela_global_2019,
	title = {The Global Fire Atlas of individual ﬁre size, duration, speed and direction},
	abstract = {Natural and human-ignited ﬁres affect all major biomes, altering ecosystem structure, biogeochemical cycles and atmospheric composition. Satellite observations provide global data on spatiotemporal patterns of biomass burning and evidence for the rapid changes in global ﬁre activity in response to land management and climate. Satellite imagery also provides detailed information on the daily or sub-daily position of ﬁres that can be used to understand the dynamics of individual ﬁres. The Global Fire Atlas is a new global dataset that tracks the dynamics of individual ﬁres to determine the timing and location of ignitions, ﬁre size and duration, and daily expansion, ﬁre line length, speed, and direction of spread. Here, we present the underlying methodology and Global Fire Atlas results for 2003–2016 derived from daily moderate-resolution (500 m) Collection 6 {MCD}64A1 burned-area data. The algorithm identiﬁed 13.3 million individual ﬁres over the study period, and estimated ﬁre perimeters were in good agreement with independent data for the continental United States. A small number of large ﬁres dominated sparsely populated arid and boreal ecosystems, while burned area in agricultural and other human-dominated landscapes was driven by high ignition densities that resulted in numerous smaller ﬁres. Long-duration ﬁres in boreal regions and natural landscapes in the humid tropics suggest that ﬁre season length exerts a strong control on ﬁre size and total burned area in these areas. In arid ecosystems with low fuel densities, high ﬁre spread rates resulted in large, short-duration ﬁres that quickly consumed available fuels. Importantly, multiday ﬁres contributed the majority of burned area in all biomass burning regions. A ﬁrst analysis of the largest, longest and fastest ﬁres that occurred around the world revealed coherent regional patterns of extreme ﬁres driven by large-scale climate forcing. Global Fire Atlas data are publicly available through http://www.globalﬁredata.org (last access: 9 August 2018) and https://doi.org/10.3334/{ORNLDAAC}/1642, and individual ﬁre information and summary data products provide new information for benchmarking ﬁre models within ecosystem and Earth system models, understanding vegetation–ﬁre feedbacks, improving global emissions estimates, and characterizing the changing role of ﬁre in the Earth system.},
	author = {Andela, Niels and Morton, Douglas C and Giglio, Louis and Paugam, Ronan and Chen, Yang and Hantson, Stijn},
	date = {2019},
	langid = {english},
	file = {GFED4 The Global Fire Atlas of individual fire size, duration, speed and direction.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\remote sensing\\GFED4 The Global Fire Atlas of individual fire size, duration, speed and direction.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{chuvieco_global_2008,
	title = {Global characterization of fire activity: toward defining fire regimes from Earth observation data},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {13541013},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01585.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01585.x},
	shorttitle = {Global characterization of fire activity},
	abstract = {There is interest in the global community on how ﬁre regimes are changing as a function of changing demographics and climate. The ground-based data to monitor such trends in ﬁre activity are inadequate at the global scale. Satellite observations provide a basis for such a monitoring system. In this study, a set of metrics were developed from 6 years of {MODIS} active ﬁre data. The metrics were grouped into eight classes representing three axes of ﬁre activity: density, season duration and interannual variability. These groups were compared with biophysical and human explanatory variables on a global scale. We found that more than 30\% of the land surface has a signiﬁcant ﬁre frequency. The most extensive ﬁre class exhibited high ﬁre density, low duration and high variability and was found in boreal and tropical wet and dry environments. A high association was found between population distribution and ﬁre persistence. Low {GDP} {kmÀ}2 was associated with ﬁre classes with high interannual variability and low seasonal duration. In areas with more economic resources, ﬁres tend to be more regular and last longer. High ﬁre duration and low interannual variability were associated with croplands, but often with low ﬁre density. The study was constrained by the limited length of satellite data record but is a ﬁrst step toward developing a comprehensive global assessment of ﬁre regimes. However, more attention is needed by the global observing systems to provide the underpinning socio-economic observations to better quantify and analyze the human characteristics of ﬁre regimes.},
	pages = {1488--1502},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Chuvieco, Emilio and Giglio, Louis and Justice, Chris},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2008-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Global characterization of fire activity toward defining fire regimes from Earth observation data.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\tablet_20211213\\Global characterization of fire activity toward defining fire regimes from Earth observation data.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{krawchuk_global_2009,
	title = {Global Pyrogeography: the Current and Future Distribution of Wildfire},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005102},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0005102},
	shorttitle = {Global Pyrogeography},
	abstract = {Climate change is expected to alter the geographic distribution of wildfire, a complex abiotic process that responds to a variety of spatial and environmental gradients. How future climate change may alter global wildfire activity, however, is still largely unknown. As a first step to quantifying potential change in global wildfire, we present a multivariate quantification of environmental drivers for the observed, current distribution of vegetation fires using statistical models of the relationship between fire activity and resources to burn, climate conditions, human influence, and lightning flash rates at a coarse spatiotemporal resolution (100 km, over one decade). We then demonstrate how these statistical models can be used to project future changes in global fire patterns, highlighting regional hotspots of change in fire probabilities under future climate conditions as simulated by a global climate model. Based on current conditions, our results illustrate how the availability of resources to burn and climate conditions conducive to combustion jointly determine why some parts of the world are fire-prone and others are fire-free. In contrast to any expectation that global warming should necessarily result in more fire, we find that regional increases in fire probabilities may be counter-balanced by decreases at other locations, due to the interplay of temperature and precipitation variables. Despite this net balance, our models predict substantial invasion and retreat of fire across large portions of the globe. These changes could have important effects on terrestrial ecosystems since alteration in fire activity may occur quite rapidly, generating ever more complex environmental challenges for species dispersing and adjusting to new climate conditions. Our findings highlight the potential for widespread impacts of climate change on wildfire, suggesting severely altered fire regimes and the need for more explicit inclusion of fire in research on global vegetation-climate change dynamics and conservation planning.},
	pages = {e5102},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
	shortjournal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
	author = {Krawchuk, Meg A. and Moritz, Max A. and Parisien, Marc-André and Van Dorn, Jeff and Hayhoe, Katharine},
	editor = {Chave, Jerome},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2009-04-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Global Pyrogeography - the Current and Future.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Global Pyrogeography - the Current and Future.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{doerr_global_2016,
	title = {Global trends in wildfire and its impacts: perceptions versus realities in a changing world},
	volume = {371},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0345},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2015.0345},
	shorttitle = {Global trends in wildfire and its impacts},
	abstract = {Wildfire has been an important process affecting the Earth's surface and atmosphere for over 350 million years and human societies have coexisted with fire since their emergence. Yet many consider wildfire as an accelerating problem, with widely held perceptions both in the media and scientific papers of increasing fire occurrence, severity and resulting losses. However, important exceptions aside, the quantitative evidence available does not support these perceived overall trends. Instead, global area burned appears to have overall declined over past decades, and there is increasing evidence that there is less fire in the global landscape today than centuries ago. Regarding fire severity, limited data are available. For the western {USA}, they indicate little change overall, and also that area burned at high severity has overall declined compared to pre-European settlement. Direct fatalities from fire and economic losses also show no clear trends over the past three decades. Trends in indirect impacts, such as health problems from smoke or disruption to social functioning, remain insufficiently quantified to be examined. Global predictions for increased fire under a warming climate highlight the already urgent need for a more sustainable coexistence with fire. The data evaluation presented here aims to contribute to this by reducing misconceptions and facilitating a more informed understanding of the realities of global fire.
            This article is part of themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.},
	pages = {20150345},
	number = {1696},
	journaltitle = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B},
	author = {Doerr, Stefan H. and Santín, Cristina},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2016-06-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Global trends in wildfire and its impacts perceptions versus realities in a changing world.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Global trends in wildfire and its impacts perceptions versus realities in a changing world.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{rodrigues_how_2019,
	title = {How well do global burned area products represent fire patterns in the Brazilian Savannas biome? An accuracy assessment of the {MCD}64 collections},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {15698432},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0303243419300248},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jag.2019.02.010},
	shorttitle = {How well do global burned area products represent fire patterns in the Brazilian Savannas biome?},
	abstract = {Knowledge about the current fire dynamics in the Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado) relies heavily on satellite-derived burned area ({BA}) products applied at the biome level. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of studies analyzing the consistency of available available satellite products concerning {BA} location and extension for the region. Accordingly, we performed an accuracy assessment of the {MODerate} resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ({MODIS}) collection 6 {BA} product ({MCD}64 /C6) over 222,768,000 ha encompassing the Brazilian Cerrado. We used reference data derived from Landsat-8 {OLI} to perform an intercomparison of {MCD}64/C6 with 1) the previous collection 5.1 (C5.1); 2) independent active fires from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite ({VIIRS}); and 3) recent land use patterns. The results of the comparison between C6 and C5.1 indicate that the new collection decreases the omission error in 90\% of the analyzed area and increases the burn hits, providing improved {BA} estimates in 61\% of the region. However, the {MCD}64 product increases the overall commission errors in 74\% of the area. The {MCD}64/C6 product showed a high coefficient of correlation with active fires independently detected by {VIIRS} (τ = 0.74). For both {MCD}64 collections 5.1 and 6, the different accuracy assessment measures exhibited a marked performance deterioration from the north towards the south. The largest burn scars and total affected areas occur mainly across the northern Cerrado, explaining the better performance in that area. Conversely, greater inaccuracies were found in the southern Cerrado area, where natural vegetation has been converted into pasture and cropland, leading to fragmented landscapes and small fire patches. Finally, the {BAs} mapped by both collections were similar in location albeit divergent in the magnitude, with C6 detecting 21\% more area than C5.1 during the year 2015.},
	pages = {318--331},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation},
	shortjournal = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation},
	author = {Rodrigues, Julia A. and Libonati, Renata and Pereira, Allan A. and Nogueira, Joana M.P. and Santos, Filippe L.M. and Peres, Leonardo F. and Santa Rosa, Ananda and Schroeder, Wilfrid and Pereira, José M.C. and Giglio, Louis and Trigo, Isabel F. and Setzer, Alberto W.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2019-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {How well do global burned area products represent fire patterns in the Brazilian savanna biome - An accuracy assessment of the MCD64 collections.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\How well do global burned area products represent fire patterns in the Brazilian savanna biome - An accuracy assessment of the MCD64 collections.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{hantson_human-ignited_2022,
	title = {Human-ignited fires result in more extreme fire behavior and ecosystem impacts},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-30030-2},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-30030-2},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              California has experienced a rapid increase in burned area over the past several decades. Although fire behavior is known to be closely tied to ecosystem impacts, most analysis of changing fire regimes has focused solely on area burned. Here we present a standardized database of wildfire behavior, including daily fire rate-of-spread and fire radiative power for large, multiday wildfires in California during 2012–2018 using remotely-sensed active fire observations. We observe that human-ignited fires start at locations with lower tree cover and during periods with more extreme fire weather. These characteristics contribute to more explosive growth in the first few days following ignition for human-caused fires as compared to lightning-caused fires. The faster fire spread, in turn, yields a larger ecosystem impact, with tree mortality more than three times higher for fast-moving fires ({\textgreater}1 km day
              −1
              ) than for slow moving fires ({\textless}0.5 km day
              −1
              ). Our analysis shows how human-caused fires can amplify ecosystem impacts and highlights the importance of limiting human-caused fires during period of extreme fire weather for meeting forest conservation targets under scenarios of future change.},
	pages = {2717},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
	shortjournal = {Nat Commun},
	author = {Hantson, Stijn and Andela, Niels and Goulden, Michael L. and Randerson, James T.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2022-05-17},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Human-ignited fires result in more extreme fire behavior and ecosystem impacts.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Human-ignited fires result in more extreme fire behavior and ecosystem impacts.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{balch_human-started_2017,
	title = {Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1617394114},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1617394114},
	abstract = {Significance
            Fighting wildfires in the United States costs billions of dollars annually. Public dialog and ongoing research have focused on increasing wildfire risk because of climate warming, overlooking the direct role that people play in igniting wildfires and increasing fire activity. Our analysis of two decades of government agency wildfire records highlights the fundamental role of human ignitions. Human-started wildfires accounted for 84\% of all wildfires, tripled the length of the fire season, dominated an area seven times greater than that affected by lightning fires, and were responsible for nearly half of all area burned. National and regional policy efforts to mitigate wildfire-related hazards would benefit from focusing on reducing the human expansion of the fire niche.
          , 
            
              The economic and ecological costs of wildfire in the United States have risen substantially in recent decades. Although climate change has likely enabled a portion of the increase in wildfire activity, the direct role of people in increasing wildfire activity has been largely overlooked. We evaluate over 1.5 million government records of wildfires that had to be extinguished or managed by state or federal agencies from 1992 to 2012, and examined geographic and seasonal extents of human-ignited wildfires relative to lightning-ignited wildfires. Humans have vastly expanded the spatial and seasonal “fire niche” in the coterminous United States, accounting for 84\% of all wildfires and 44\% of total area burned. During the 21-y time period, the human-caused fire season was three times longer than the lightning-caused fire season and added an average of 40,000 wildfires per year across the United States. Human-started wildfires disproportionally occurred where fuel moisture was higher than lightning-started fires, thereby helping expand the geographic and seasonal niche of wildfire. Human-started wildfires were dominant ({\textgreater}80\% of ignitions) in over 5.1 million km
              2
              , the vast majority of the United States, whereas lightning-started fires were dominant in only 0.7 million km
              2
              , primarily in sparsely populated areas of the mountainous western United States. Ignitions caused by human activities are a substantial driver of overall fire risk to ecosystems and economies. Actions to raise awareness and increase management in regions prone to human-started wildfires should be a focus of United States policy to reduce fire risk and associated hazards.},
	pages = {2946--2951},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
	author = {Balch, Jennifer K. and Bradley, Bethany A. and Abatzoglou, John T. and Nagy, R. Chelsea and Fusco, Emily J. and Mahood, Adam L.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2017-03-14},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inproceedings{archibald_identifying_2009,
	location = {Cape Town, South Africa},
	title = {Identifying individual fires from satellite-derived burned area data},
	isbn = {978-1-4244-3394-0},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5417974/},
	doi = {10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417974},
	abstract = {An algorithm for identifying individual ﬁres from the Modis burned area data product is introduced for southern Africa. This algorithm gives the date of burning, size of ﬁre, and location of the centroid for all ﬁres identiﬁed over 8 years in Africa south of the equator. The results are compared with other available spatial information on ﬁres, and tested to see whether they give reasonable results in a range of different ﬁre systems in the region. Initial results indicate that humans can have massive impacts on ﬁre size distributions and on the area burned by large ﬁres. This information on ﬁre number and ﬁre size can be used to ask important questions on the effect of increasing human ignitions, and the barriers to ﬁre spread in savanna systems.},
	eventtitle = {2009 {IEEE} International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium},
	pages = {III--160--III--163},
	booktitle = {2009 {IEEE} International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium},
	publisher = {{IEEE}},
	author = {Archibald, S. and Roy, D. P.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2009},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Identifying individual fires from satellite-derived burned area data.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Archibald\\Identifying individual fires from satellite-derived burned area data.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{mistry_indigenous_2005,
	title = {Indigenous Fire Management in the cerrado of Brazil: The Case of the Krahô of Tocantíns},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0300-7839, 1572-9915},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10745-005-4143-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s10745-005-4143-8},
	shorttitle = {Indigenous Fire Management in the cerrado of Brazil},
	pages = {365--386},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Human Ecology},
	shortjournal = {Hum Ecol},
	author = {Mistry, Jayalaxshmi and Berardi, Andrea and Andrade, Valeria and Krahô, Txicaprô and Krahô, Phocrok and Leonardos, Othon},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2005-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Indigenous Fire Management in the cerrado of Brazil - the case of the Kraho of Tocantins.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Indigenous Fire Management in the cerrado of Brazil - the case of the Kraho of Tocantins.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{burton_inter-comparison_2018,
	title = {Inter-comparison and assessment of gridded climate products over tropical forests during the 2015/2016 El Niño},
	volume = {373},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2017.0406},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2017.0406},
	abstract = {To understand the impacts of extreme climate events, it is first necessary to understand the spatio-temporal characteristics of the event. Gridded climate products are frequently used to describe climate patterns but have been shown to perform poorly over data-sparse regions such as tropical forests. Often, they are uncritically employed in a wide range of studies linking tropical forest processes to large-scale climate variability. Here, we conduct an inter-comparison and assessment of near-surface air temperature fields supplied by four state-of-the-art reanalysis products, along with precipitation estimates supplied by four merged satellite-gauge rainfall products. Firstly, spatio-temporal patterns of temperature and precipitation anomalies during the 2015–2016 El Niño are shown for each product to characterize the impact of the El Niño on the tropical forest biomes of Equatorial Africa, Southeast Asia and South America. Using meteorological station data, a two-stage assessment is then conducted to determine which products most reliably model tropical climates during the 2015–2016 El Niño, and which perform best over the longer-term satellite observation period (1980–2016). Results suggest that eastern Amazonia, parts of the Congo Basin and mainland Southeast Asia all experienced significant monthly mean temperature anomalies during the El Niño, while northeastern Amazonia, eastern Borneo and southern New Guinea experienced significant precipitation deficits. Our results suggest {ERA}-Interim and {MERRA}2 are the most reliable air temperature datasets, while {TRMM} 3B42 V7 and {CHIRPS} v2.0 are the best-performing rainfall datasets.
            This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications’.},
	pages = {20170406},
	number = {1760},
	journaltitle = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B},
	author = {Burton, C. and Rifai, S. and Malhi, Y.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2018-11-19},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Inter-comparison and assessment of gridded cliamte products over tropical forests during the 2015-2016 El Nino.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cimatological variables and vegetation indices\\Inter-comparison and assessment of gridded cliamte products over tropical forests during the 2015-2016 El Nino.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{sano_land_2010,
	title = {Land cover mapping of the tropical savanna region in Brazil},
	volume = {166},
	issn = {0167-6369, 1573-2959},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10661-009-0988-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s10661-009-0988-4},
	pages = {113--124},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},
	shortjournal = {Environ Monit Assess},
	author = {Sano, Edson E. and Rosa, Roberto and Brito, Jorge L. S. and Ferreira, Laerte G.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2010-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Land cover mapping of the tropical savanna region in Brazil.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\land-use\\Land cover mapping of the tropical savanna region in Brazil.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{spera_land-use_2016,
	title = {Land-use change affects water recycling in Brazil's last agricultural frontier},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {13541013},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.13298},
	doi = {10.1111/gcb.13298},
	abstract = {Historically, conservation-oriented research and policy in Brazil have focused on Amazon deforestation, but a majority of Brazil’s deforestation and agricultural expansion has occurred in the neighboring Cerrado biome, a biodiversity hotspot comprised of dry forests, woodland savannas, and grasslands. Resilience of rainfed agriculture in both biomes likely depends on water recycling in undisturbed Cerrado vegetation; yet little is known about how changes in land-use and land-cover affect regional climate feedbacks in the Cerrado. We used remote sensing techniques to map land-use change across the Cerrado from 2003 to 2013. During this period, cropland agriculture more than doubled in area from 1.2 to 2.5 million ha, with 74\% of new croplands sourced from previously intact Cerrado vegetation. We ﬁnd that these changes have decreased the amount of water recycled to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration ({ET}) each year. In 2013 alone, cropland areas recycled 14 km3 less (À3\%) water than if the land cover had been native Cerrado vegetation. {ET} from single-cropping systems (e.g., soybeans) is less than from natural vegetation in all years, except in the months of January and February, the height of the growing season. In double-cropping systems (e.g., soybeans followed by corn), {ET} is similar to or greater than natural vegetation throughout a majority of the wet season (December–May). As intensiﬁcation and extensiﬁcation of agricultural production continue in the region, the impacts on the water cycle and opportunities for mitigation warrant consideration. For example, if an environmental goal is to minimize impacts on the water cycle, double cropping (intensiﬁcation) might be emphasized over extensiﬁcation to maintain a landscape that behaves more akin to the natural system.},
	pages = {3405--3413},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {Global Change Biology},
	shortjournal = {Glob Change Biol},
	author = {Spera, Stephanie A. and Galford, Gillian L. and Coe, Michael T. and Macedo, Marcia N. and Mustard, John F.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2016-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Land-use change affects water recycling in Brazil’s last agricultural frontier.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\land-use\\Land-use change affects water recycling in Brazil’s last agricultural frontier.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{goodwin_development_2014,
	title = {Development of an automated method for mapping fire history captured in Landsat {TM} and {ETM} + time series across Queensland, Australia},
	volume = {148},
	issn = {00344257},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425714001072},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2014.03.021},
	abstract = {Remote sensing can quantify past and present ﬁre activity at spatial scales useful for a range of ﬁre and vegetation management applications. In this study, we present a new automated approach to classifying burnt areas across the state of Queensland, Australia. The method is applied to complete time series of Landsat {TM}/{ETM}+ imagery rather than single images and considers spectral (band 4, B4, and bands 4 + 5, B45), thermal, temporal and contextual information within a hierarchical framework. To maximise the available observations and the burnt area detected, we used imagery containing up to 60\% cloud that was screened during pre-processing. Median ﬁlters were applied to smooth the time series and multi-date change detection used to locate negative outliers (large declines in reﬂectance relative to the median-smoothed time series). Watershed region growing was used to segment and map a larger spatial extent of the change while minimising commission errors. These segmented change objects were attributed as either burnt or unburnt using their thermal, reﬂective and contextual characteristics in a classiﬁcation tree. Thermal information was found to be more important than reﬂective indices in the change attribution. Algorithm calibration used training data from ten Path/Rows located strategically across Queensland with four images sampled per path row (n = 40). Thresholds were optimised to maximise the burnt area detected while limiting under/over-growing of burnt area. Validation data covered a range of burnt areas from ten independent Path/Rows with ten images sampled across a range of burnt area fractions per Path/Row (n = 100). The results for burnt area mapping demonstrated an average producer's accuracy of 85\% (range of 28 to 100\% for individual images) and average user's accuracy of 71\% (range of 4 to 99\% for individual images). A morphological dilation of one pixel restricted to locations exhibiting a decline in B45 over time, increased the producer's accuracy by 4\% but reduced the user's accuracy by 8\%. The total accuracy for the burnt area classiﬁcation was greater than 99\%, however this is more a reﬂection of the small fraction of landscape represented by burnt area rather than the ability to detect burnt area. Areas frequently misclassiﬁed were related to areas of high spectral/land use change which included areas of cropping, frequently inundated land, and moisture/ground cover variations over dark soils. In this study, we applied a crop and water mask to minimise commission errors. Signiﬁcantly, the results of this study demonstrate that an automated time series method for mapping burnt areas can be successfully applied across a diversity of land cover types. The method may be applied in similar savanna dominated environments but is likely to require modiﬁcation to be applicable in other landscapes.},
	pages = {206--221},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	author = {Goodwin, Nicholas R. and Collett, Lisa J.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2014-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {LandsatAus Development of an automated method for mapping fire history captured in Landsat TM and ETM + time series across Queensland, Australia.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\remote sensing\\LandsatAus Development of an automated method for mapping fire history captured in Landsat TM and ETM + time series across Queensland, Australia.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{moritz_learning_2014,
	title = {Learning to coexist with wildfire},
	volume = {515},
	issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/nature13946},
	doi = {10.1038/nature13946},
	pages = {58--66},
	number = {7525},
	journaltitle = {Nature},
	shortjournal = {Nature},
	author = {Moritz, Max A. and Batllori, Enric and Bradstock, Ross A. and Gill, A. Malcolm and Handmer, John and Hessburg, Paul F. and Leonard, Justin and {McCaffrey}, Sarah and Odion, Dennis C. and Schoennagel, Tania and Syphard, Alexandra D.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2014-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Learning to coexist with wildfire.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Learning to coexist with wildfire.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{archibald_managing_2016-1,
	title = {Managing the human component of fire regimes: lessons from Africa},
	volume = {371},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0346},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2015.0346},
	shorttitle = {Managing the human component of fire regimes},
	abstract = {Human impacts on fire regimes accumulated slowly with the evolution of modern humans able to ignite fires and manipulate landscapes. Today, myriad voices aim to influence fire in grassy ecosystems to different ends, and this is complicated by a colonial past focused on suppressing fire and preventing human ignitions. Here, I review available evidence on the impacts of people on various fire characteristics such as the number and size of fires, fire intensity, fire frequency and seasonality of fire in African grassy ecosystems, with the intention of focusing the debate and identifying areas of uncertainty. Humans alter seasonal patterns of fire in grassy systems but tend to decrease total fire emissions: livestock have replaced fire as the dominant consumer in many parts of Africa, and fragmented landscapes reduce area burned. Humans alter the season and time of day when fires occur, with important implications for fire intensity, tree–grass dynamics and greenhouse gas ({GHG}) emissions. Late season fires are more common when fire is banned or illegal: these later fires are far more intense but emit fewer {GHGs}. The types of fires which preserve human livelihoods and biodiversity are not always aligned with the goal of reducing {GHG} concentrations. Current fire management challenges therefore involve balancing the needs of a large rural population against national and global perspectives on the desirability of different types of fire, but this cannot happen unless the interests of all parties are equally represented. In the future, Africa is expected to urbanize and land use to intensify, which will imply different trajectories for the continent's fire regimes.
            This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind.},
	pages = {20150346},
	number = {1696},
	journaltitle = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B},
	author = {Archibald, Sally},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2016-06-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Managing the human component of fire regimes - lessons from Africa.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Managing the human component of fire regimes - lessons from Africa.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{oliveras_many_2016,
	title = {Many shades of green: the dynamic tropical forest–savannah transition zones},
	volume = {371},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0308},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2015.0308},
	shorttitle = {Many shades of green},
	abstract = {The forest–savannah transition is the most widespread ecotone in tropical areas, separating two of the most productive terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we review current understanding of the factors that shape this transition, and how it may change under various drivers of local or global change. At broadest scales, the location of the transition is shaped by water availability, mediated strongly at local scales by fire regimes, herbivory pressure and spatial variation in soil properties. The frequently dynamic nature of this transition suggests that forest and savannah can exist as alternative stable states, maintained and separated by fire–grass feedbacks and tree shade–fire suppression feedback. However, this theory is still contested and the relative contributions of the main biotic and abiotic drivers and their interactions are yet not fully understood. These drivers interplay with a wide range of ecological processes and attributes at the global, continental, regional and local scales. The evolutionary history of the biotic and abiotic drivers and processes plays an important role in the current distributions of these transitions as well as in their species composition and ecosystem functioning. This ecotone can be sensitive to shifts in climate and other driving factors, but is also potentially stabilized by negative feedback processes. There is abundant evidence that these transitions are shifting under contemporary global and local changes, but the direction of shift varies according to region. However, it still remains uncertain how these transitions will respond to rapid and multi-faceted ongoing current changes, and how increasing human influence will interact with these shifts.
            This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation’.},
	pages = {20150308},
	number = {1703},
	journaltitle = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B},
	author = {Oliveras, Immaculada and Malhi, Yadvinder},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2016-09-19},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Many shades of green - the dynamic tropical forest-savannah transition zones.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\savannahs\\Many shades of green - the dynamic tropical forest-savannah transition zones.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{bastarrika_mapping_2011,
	title = {Mapping burned areas from Landsat {TM}/{ETM}+ data with a two-phase algorithm: Balancing omission and commission errors},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {00344257},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425710003433},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2010.12.005},
	shorttitle = {Mapping burned areas from Landsat {TM}/{ETM}+ data with a two-phase algorithm},
	abstract = {Maps of burned area have been obtained from an automatic algorithm applied to a multitemporal series of Landsat {TM}/{ETM}+ images in two Mediterranean sites. The proposed algorithm is based on two phases: the ﬁrst one intends to detect the more severely burned areas and minimize commission errors. The second phase improves burned patches delimitation using a hybrid contextual algorithm based on logistic regression analysis, and tries to minimize omission errors. The algorithm was calibrated using six study sites and it was validated for the whole territory of Portugal (89,000 km2) and for Southern California (70,000 km2). In the validation exercise, 65 {TM}/{ETM}+ scenes for Portugal and 35 for California were used, all from the 2003 ﬁre season. A good agreement with the ofﬁcial burned area perimeters was shown, with kappa values close to 0.85 and low omission and commission errors (b 16.5\%). The proposed algorithm could be operationally used for historical mapping of burned areas from Landsat images, as well as from future medium resolution sensors, providing they acquire images in two bands of the Short Wave Infrared (1.5–2.2 μm).},
	pages = {1003--1012},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	author = {Bastarrika, Aitor and Chuvieco, Emilio and Martín, M. Pilar},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2011-04-15},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Mapping burned areas from Landsat TM-ETM+ data with a two-phase algorithm - Balancing omission and commission errors.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\remote sensing\\Mapping burned areas from Landsat TM-ETM+ data with a two-phase algorithm - Balancing omission and commission errors.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{alencar_mapping_2020,
	title = {Mapping Three Decades of Changes in the Brazilian Savanna Native Vegetation Using Landsat Data Processed in the Google Earth Engine Platform},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/6/924},
	doi = {10.3390/rs12060924},
	abstract = {Widespread in the subtropics and tropics of the Southern Hemisphere, savannas are highly heterogeneous and seasonal natural vegetation types, which makes change detection (natural vs. anthropogenic) a challenging task. The Brazilian Cerrado represents the largest savanna in South America, and the most threatened biome in Brazil owing to agricultural expansion. To assess the native Cerrado vegetation ({NV}) areas most susceptible to natural and anthropogenic change over time, we classiﬁed 33 years (1985–2017) of Landsat imagery available in the Google Earth Engine ({GEE}) platform. The classiﬁcation strategy used combined empirical and statistical decision trees to generate reference maps for machine learning classiﬁcation and a novel annual dataset of the predominant Cerrado {NV} types (forest, savanna, and grassland). We obtained annual {NV} maps with an average overall accuracy ranging from 87\% (at level 1 {NV} classiﬁcation) to 71\% over the time series, distinguishing the three main {NV} types. This time series was then used to generate probability maps for each {NV} class. The native vegetation in the Cerrado biome declined at an average rate of 0.5\% per year (748,687 ha yr−1), mostly aﬀecting forests and savannas. From 1985 to 2017, 24.7 million hectares of {NV} were lost, and now only 55\% of the {NV} original distribution remains. Of the remnant {NV} in 2017 (112.6 million hectares), 65\% has been stable over the years, while 12\% changed among {NV} types, and 23\% was converted to other land uses but is now in some level of secondary {NV}. Our results were fundamental in indicating areas with higher rates of change in a long time series in the Brazilian Cerrado and to highlight the challenges of mapping distinct {NV} types in a highly seasonal and heterogeneous savanna biome.},
	pages = {924},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Alencar, Ane and Z. Shimbo, Julia and Lenti, Felipe and Balzani Marques, Camila and Zimbres, Bárbara and Rosa, Marcos and Arruda, Vera and Castro, Isabel and Fernandes Márcico Ribeiro, João and Varela, Victória and Alencar, Isa and Piontekowski, Valderli and Ribeiro, Vivian and M. C. Bustamante, Mercedes and Eyji Sano, Edson and Barroso, Mario},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2020-03-13},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Mapping Three Decades of Changes in the Brazilian Savanna Native Vegetation Using Landsat Data Processed in the Google Earth Engine Platform.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\land-use\\Mapping Three Decades of Changes in the Brazilian Savanna Native Vegetation Using Landsat Data Processed in the Google Earth Engine Platform.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{marques_redefining_2020,
	title = {Redefining the Cerrado–Amazonia transition: implications for conservation},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0960-3115, 1572-9710},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10531-019-01720-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-019-01720-z},
	shorttitle = {Redefining the Cerrado–Amazonia transition},
	abstract = {Understanding the nature and extent of ecosystem boundaries has important implications for the management and conservation of biodiversity. However, characterizing and establishing such boundary limits has been a persistent challenge worldwide. The Cerrado–Amazonia transition ({CAT}) in Brazil is the world’s largest savanna-forest transition. However, the {CAT} is represented in official maps used by Brazilian governmental agencies as a simple line separating the two biomes. Here, we demonstrate that the {CAT} is in fact broad, complex and interdigitating and that its traditional linear representation is not adequate for recognizing and conserving biodiversity in this region. Over the 30 years of our analysis, the {CAT} suffered more deforestation than the forests and savannas in each individual biomes (Amazonia and Cerrado). The complexity of tropical savanna-forest boundaries has been misunderstood and misrepresented by current maps, severely threatening the complex {CAT} biota. As a consequence, vegetation losses have reached levels close to collapse in areas of intense human activity.},
	pages = {1501--1517},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	shortjournal = {Biodivers Conserv},
	author = {Marques, Eduardo Q. and Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur and Marimon, Beatriz S. and Matricardi, Eraldo A. T. and Mews, Henrique A. and Colli, Guarino R.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2020-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Marques et al. 2019 - redefinindo os limites cerrado e amazonia.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Marques et al. 2019 - redefinindo os limites cerrado e amazonia.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{durigan_no_2020,
	title = {No Net Loss of Species Diversity After Prescribed Fires in the Brazilian Savanna},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2624-893X},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/ffgc.2020.00013/full},
	doi = {10.3389/ffgc.2020.00013},
	abstract = {Although savannas are ﬁre-adapted ecosystems, prescribing ﬁre for biodiversity conservation remains controversial at least in some regions where savannas occur. Faced with uncertainty, many decision makers and even scientists are still reluctant to prescribe ﬁre for conservation purposes in ﬁre-prone ecosystems, invoking the precautionary principle. Knowledge gaps on the ideal ﬁre regime, such as how and when to burn, and especially the fear of biodiversity losses, are among the main arguments against ﬁre management applied to remnants of native savanna vegetation. To inform this debate, we assessed the impact of prescribed ﬁres on diversity of plants (different growth forms), ants, frogs, lizards, birds, and small mammals, in savannas and grasslands of the Brazilian Cerrado. We assessed the existing species richness, composition, and abundance in areas subjected to long periods of ﬁre suppression and compared to that observed over a short period after prescribed dry-season ﬁres, within each group of plants and animals. Whenever possible, we carried out separate analyses for grassland and savanna. Burning did not signiﬁcantly reduce species richness of any of the groups analyzed, but had a positive effect on richness of graminoids in grassland. When analyzed at the species level, abundance of most animal groups did not show consistent responses to ﬁre, except for a decrease in some frog populations in grasslands. Forbs, graminoids, and subshrubs increased in abundance after ﬁre in grassland areas, though in savanna areas, abundance of forbs, and subshrubs tended to decline after ﬁre. Species composition changed little in response to ﬁre as indicated by low levels of dissimilarity between burned and unburned areas. These results conﬁrm the high resilience of Cerrado biota to ﬁre, as expected for savanna ecosystems in general. Besides, we demonstrate here that the risk of biodiversity losses cannot justify the objections to the use of prescribed ﬁre for conservation purposes in the Cerrado.},
	pages = {13},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Forests and Global Change},
	shortjournal = {Front. For. Glob. Change},
	author = {Durigan, Giselda and Pilon, Natashi A. L. and Abreu, Rodolfo C. R. and Hoffmann, William A. and Martins, Marcio and Fiorillo, Bruno F. and Antunes, Alexsander Z. and Carmignotto, Ana Paula and Maravalhas, Jonas B. and Vieira, Jésica and Vasconcelos, Heraldo L.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2020-02-19},
	langid = {english},
	file = {No Net Loss of Species Diversity After Prescribed Fires in the Brazilian Savanna.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\No Net Loss of Species Diversity After Prescribed Fires in the Brazilian Savanna.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{bliege_bird_people_2016,
	title = {People, El Niño southern oscillation and fire in Australia: fire regimes and climate controls in hummock grasslands},
	volume = {371},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0343},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2015.0343},
	shorttitle = {People, El Niño southern oscillation and fire in Australia},
	abstract = {While evidence mounts that indigenous burning has a significant role in shaping pyrodiversity, the processes explaining its variation across local and external biophysical systems remain limited. This is especially the case with studies of climate–fire interactions, which only recognize an effect of humans on the fire regime when they act independently of climate. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that an anthropogenic fire regime (fire incidence, size and extent) does not covary with climate. In the lightning regime, positive El Niño southern oscillation ({ENSO}) values increase lightning fire incidence, whereas La Niña (and associated increases in prior rainfall) increase fire size. {ENSO} has the opposite effect in the Martu regime, decreasing ignitions in El Niño conditions without affecting fire size. Anthropogenic ignition rates covary positively with high antecedent rainfall, whereas fire size varies only with high temperatures and unpredictable winds, which may reduce control over fire spread. However, total area burned is similarly predicted by antecedent rainfall in both regimes, but is driven by increases in fire size in the lightning regime, and fire number in the anthropogenic regime. We conclude that anthropogenic regimes covary with climatic variation, but detecting the human–climate–fire interaction requires multiple measures of both fire regime and climate.
            This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.},
	pages = {20150343},
	number = {1696},
	journaltitle = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B},
	author = {Bliege Bird, Rebecca and Bird, Douglas W. and Codding, Brian F.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2016-06-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {People, El Niño southern oscillation and fire in Australia fire regimes and climate controls in hummock grasslands.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\climate and extremes\\People, El Niño southern oscillation and fire in Australia fire regimes and climate controls in hummock grasslands.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{pivello_understanding_2021,
	title = {Understanding Brazil’s catastrophic fires: Causes, consequences and policy needed to prevent future tragedies},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {25300644},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2530064421000560},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pecon.2021.06.005},
	shorttitle = {Understanding Brazil’s catastrophic fires},
	pages = {233--255},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation},
	shortjournal = {Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation},
	author = {Pivello, Vânia R. and Vieira, Ima and Christianini, Alexander V. and Ribeiro, Danilo Bandini and da Silva Menezes, Luciana and Berlinck, Christian Niel and Melo, Felipe P.L. and Marengo, José Antonio and Tornquist, Carlos Gustavo and Tomas, Walfrido Moraes and Overbeck, Gerhard E.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2021-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Pivelo et al. 2021 (002).pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Pivelo et al. 2021 (002).pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{carranza_protected_2014,
	title = {Protected Area Effectiveness in Reducing Conversion in a Rapidly Vanishing Ecosystem: The Brazilian Cerrado: Protected area effectiveness in Cerrado},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1755263X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12049},
	doi = {10.1111/conl.12049},
	shorttitle = {Protected Area Effectiveness in Reducing Conversion in a Rapidly Vanishing Ecosystem},
	abstract = {Measuring how far protected areas ({PAs}) reduce threats to nature is essential for effective conservation. This is especially important where a high degree of threat is coupled with opportunities for increasing conservation investments, such as in the Brazilian Cerrado. We examined the effectiveness of strictly protected and multiple-use {PAs} as well as indigenous lands ({ILs}) in reducing conversion in Cerrado from 2002 to 2009 by using matching methods to sample protected and unprotected sites similarly exposed to pressures. We found that both types of {PAs} and {ILs} experienced lower habitat conversion during this period than did matched unprotected sites, whether results were analysed for individual {PAs} or for {PA} networks as a whole. Judging from their matched unprotected sites, strictly {PAs} had similar levels of baseline conversion to multiple-use {PAs}, but were more effective at reducing it. This may be expected as multiple-use {PAs} are under less restrictive land-use rules. {ILs} had a strong effect in reducing conversion, though baseline rates in matched areas were also high. Our results highlight the usefulness of {PAs} in the Cerrado and the value of research that differentiates among {PA} categories.},
	pages = {216--223},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Conservation Letters},
	shortjournal = {Conservation Letters},
	author = {Carranza, Tharsila and Balmford, Andrew and Kapos, Valerie and Manica, Andrea},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2014-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Protected Area Effectiveness in Reducing Conversion in aRapidly Vanishing Ecosystem The Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\conservation\\Protected Area Effectiveness in Reducing Conversion in aRapidly Vanishing Ecosystem The Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{andela_recent_2014,
	title = {Recent trends in African fires driven by cropland expansion and El Niño to La Niña transition},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1758-678X, 1758-6798},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2313},
	doi = {10.1038/nclimate2313},
	pages = {791--795},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Nature Climate Change},
	shortjournal = {Nature Clim Change},
	author = {Andela, Niels and van der Werf, Guido R.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2014-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Recent trends in African fires driven by cropland exoansion and El Nino La Nina events.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Recent trends in African fires driven by cropland exoansion and El Nino La Nina events.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{souza_reconstructing_2020,
	title = {Reconstructing Three Decades of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Brazilian Biomes with Landsat Archive and Earth Engine},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/17/2735},
	doi = {10.3390/rs12172735},
	abstract = {Brazil has a monitoring system to track annual forest conversion in the Amazon and most recently to monitor the Cerrado biome. However, there is still a gap of annual land use and land cover ({LULC}) information in all Brazilian biomes in the country. Existing countrywide eﬀorts to map land use and land cover lack regularly updates and high spatial resolution time-series data to better understand historical land use and land cover dynamics, and the subsequent impacts in the country biomes. In this study, we described a novel approach and the results achieved by a multi-disciplinary network called {MapBiomas} to reconstruct annual land use and land cover information between 1985 and 2017 for Brazil, based on random forest applied to Landsat archive using Google Earth Engine. We mapped ﬁve major classes: forest, non-forest natural formation, farming, non-vegetated areas, and water. These classes were broken into two sub-classiﬁcation levels leading to the most comprehensive and detailed mapping for the country at a 30 m pixel resolution. The average overall accuracy of the land use and land cover time-series, based on a stratiﬁed random sample of 75,000 pixel locations, was 89\% ranging from 73 to 95\% in the biomes. The 33 years of {LULC} change data series revealed that Brazil lost 71 Mha of natural vegetation, mostly to cattle ranching and agriculture activities. Pasture expanded by 46\% from 1985 to 2017, and agriculture by 172\%, mostly replacing old pasture ﬁelds. We also identiﬁed that 86 Mha of the converted native vegetation was undergoing some level of regrowth. Several applications of the {MapBiomas} dataset are underway, suggesting that reconstructing historical land use and land cover change maps is useful for advancing the science and to guide social, economic and environmental policy decision-making processes in Brazil.},
	pages = {2735},
	number = {17},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Souza, Carlos M. and Z. Shimbo, Julia and Rosa, Marcos R. and Parente, Leandro L. and A. Alencar, Ane and Rudorff, Bernardo F. T. and Hasenack, Heinrich and Matsumoto, Marcelo and G. Ferreira, Laerte and Souza-Filho, Pedro W. M. and de Oliveira, Sergio W. and Rocha, Washington F. and Fonseca, Antônio V. and Marques, Camila B. and Diniz, Cesar G. and Costa, Diego and Monteiro, Dyeden and Rosa, Eduardo R. and Vélez-Martin, Eduardo and Weber, Eliseu J. and Lenti, Felipe E. B. and Paternost, Fernando F. and Pareyn, Frans G. C. and Siqueira, João V. and Viera, José L. and Neto, Luiz C. Ferreira and Saraiva, Marciano M. and Sales, Marcio H. and Salgado, Moises P. G. and Vasconcelos, Rodrigo and Galano, Soltan and Mesquita, Vinicius V. and Azevedo, Tasso},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2020-08-25},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Reconstructing Three Decades of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Brazilian Biomes with Landsat Archive and Earth Engine.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\land-use\\Reconstructing Three Decades of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Brazilian Biomes with Landsat Archive and Earth Engine.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{bistinas_relationships_2013,
	title = {Relationships between Human Population Density and Burned Area at Continental and Global Scales},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081188},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0081188},
	abstract = {We explore the large spatial variation in the relationship between population density and burned area, using continental-scale Geographically Weighted Regression ({GWR}) based on 13 years of satellite-derived burned area maps from the global fire emissions database ({GFED}) and the human population density from the gridded population of the world ({GPW} 2005). Significant relationships are observed over 51.5\% of the global land area, and the area affected varies from continent to continent: population density has a significant impact on fire over most of Asia and Africa but is important in explaining fire over {\textless} 22\% of Europe and Australia. Increasing population density is associated with both increased and decreased in fire. The nature of the relationship depends on land-use: increasing population density is associated with increased burned are in rangelands but with decreased burned area in croplands. Overall, the relationship between population density and burned area is non-monotonic: burned area initially increases with population density and then decreases when population density exceeds a threshold. These thresholds vary regionally. Our study contributes to improved understanding of how human activities relate to burned area, and should contribute to a better estimate of atmospheric emissions from biomass burning.},
	pages = {e81188},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
	shortjournal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
	author = {Bistinas, Ioannis and Oom, Duarte and Sá, Ana C. L. and Harrison, Sandy P. and Prentice, I. Colin and Pereira, José M. C.},
	editor = {Jiang, Bin},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2013-12-16},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Relationships between Human Population Density and Burned Area at Continental and Global Scales.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Relationships between Human Population Density and Burned Area at Continental and Global Scales.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{araujo_satellite-based_2015,
	title = {Satellite-based automated burned area detection: A performance assessment of the {MODIS} {MCD}45A1 in the Brazilian savanna},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {15698432},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0303243414002323},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jag.2014.10.009},
	shorttitle = {Satellite-based automated burned area detection},
	abstract = {Burnings, which cause major changes to the environment, can be effectively monitored via satellite data, regarding both the identiﬁcation of active ﬁres and the estimation of burned areas. Among the many orbital sensors suitable for mapping burned areas on global and regional scales, the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer ({MODIS}), on board the Terra and Aqua platforms, has been the most widely utilized. In this study, the performance of the {MODIS} {MCD}45A1 burned area product was thoroughly evaluated in the Brazilian savanna, the second largest biome in South America and a global biodiversity hotspot, characterized by a conspicuous climatic seasonality and the systematic occurrence of natural and anthropogenic ﬁres. Overall, September {MCD}45A1 polygons (2000–2012) compared well to the Landsatbased reference mapping (r2 = 0.92) and were closely accompanied, on a monthly basis, by {MOD}14 and {MYD}14 hotspots (r2 = 0.89), although large omissions errors, linked to landscape patterns, structures, and overall conditions depicted in each reference image, were observed. In spite of its spatial and temporal limitations, the {MCD}45A1 product proved instrumental for mapping and understanding ﬁre behavior and impacts on the Cerrado landscapes.},
	pages = {94--102},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation},
	shortjournal = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation},
	author = {Araújo, Fernando Moreira De and Ferreira, Laerte G.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2015-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Satellite-based automated burned area detection A performance assessment of the MODIS MCD45A1 in the Brazilian savanna.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Satellite-based automated burned area detection A performance assessment of the MODIS MCD45A1 in the Brazilian savanna.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{rekow_socio-ecological_2019,
	title = {Socio-Ecological Implications of Soy in the Brazilian Cerrado},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2297-6477},
	url = {http://www.librelloph.com/challengesinsustainability/article/view/337},
	doi = {10.12924/cis2019.07010007},
	abstract = {This paper summarizes the critical importance of the Cerrado savannah biome in Brazil and examines key ways in which large-scale agriculture, in particular large-scale soy farming, threatens water security and increases socio-ecological stress. It connects agribusiness expansion to the globalized meat industry by deﬁning how complex economic relationships result in deforestation on a massive scale. It describes how this radical change in land cover has led to changes in rainfall patterns that are associated with extended drought periods and analyzes how these critical water shortages jeopardize socio-economic health beyond the immediate region. Further, it explicates how intensiﬁed transgenic soy farming and other pesticide-heavy crop production contributes to rising public health crises associated with carcinogen-contaminated water and food sources. Lastly, it identiﬁes emerging trends that suggest how agribusiness corporations and governments may be legally ascribed moral responsibilities for maintaining socio-ecological health of the biome. The paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the human dimensions of environmental issues and their impacts and reframe conservation social science discourse in regard to protection of land and water resources in the region.},
	pages = {7--29},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Challenges in Sustainability},
	author = {Rekow, Lea},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2019-05-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Socio-Ecological Implications of Soy in the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\land-use\\Socio-Ecological Implications of Soy in the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{nogueira_spatial_2017,
	title = {Spatial Pattern of the Seasonal Drought/Burned Area Relationship across Brazilian Biomes: Sensitivity to Drought Metrics and Global Remote-Sensing Fire Products},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2225-1154},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/5/2/42},
	doi = {10.3390/cli5020042},
	shorttitle = {Spatial Pattern of the Seasonal Drought/Burned Area Relationship across Brazilian Biomes},
	abstract = {Fires are complex processes having important impacts on biosphere/atmosphere interactions. The spatial and temporal pattern of ﬁre activity is determined by complex feedbacks between climate and plant functioning through and biomass desiccation, usually estimated by ﬁre danger indices ({FDI}) in ofﬁcial ﬁre risk prevention services. Contrasted vegetation types from ﬁre-prone Brazilian biomes may respond differently to soil water deﬁcit during the ﬁre season. Then, we propose to evaluate the burned area ({BA})/{FDI} relationship across Brazil using most common {FDIs} and the main {BA} products from global remote sensing. We computed 12 standard {FDIs}- at 0.5◦ resolution from 2002 to 2011 and used the monthly {BA} from four {BA} datasets—from the {MODIS} sensor ({MCD}45A1), the {MERIS} sensor ({MERIS} {FIRE}\_CCI), the Global Fire Emission Database version 4 ({GFED}4) and version 4s including small ﬁres ({GFED}4s). We performed a Principal Component Analysis ({PCA}) on the coefﬁcients of determination (R2) of the {FDI}/{BA} relationship to investigate the biome speciﬁcities of Brazilian biomes and the sensitivity to {BA} datasets. Good relationships (R2 {\textgreater} 0.8) were observed for all {BA} datasets, except {SPEI} (R2 {\textless} 0.2). We showed that {FDIs} computed from empirical water balances considering a lower soil capacity are more correlated to the seasonal pattern of ﬁre occurrence in the Cerrado biome with contrasted adjustments between the western (early drying) and eastern part (late drying), while the ﬁne fuel moisture index is more correlated to the ﬁre seasonal pattern in Amazonia. The biome speciﬁcities of the {FDI}/{BA} relationship was evaluated with a general linear model. High accuracies in the biome distribution according to the {FDI}/{BA} relationship ({\textgreater}50\%, p {\textless} 0.001) was observed in Amazonia and Cerrado, with lower accuracy ({\textless}32\%, p {\textless} 0.001) in the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga. These results suggest that the {FDI}/{BA} relationship are biome-speciﬁc to explain the seasonal course of burned in Brazilian biomes, independently of the global {BA} product used. Selected {FDIs} should be used for ﬁre danger forecast in each Brazilian biome.},
	pages = {42},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Climate},
	shortjournal = {Climate},
	author = {Nogueira, Joana and Rambal, Serge and Barbosa, João and Mouillot, Florent},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2017-06-16},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Spatial Pattern of the Seasonal DroughtBurned Area Relationship across Brazilian Biomes.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Spatial Pattern of the Seasonal DroughtBurned Area Relationship across Brazilian Biomes.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{abatzoglou_terraclimate_2018,
	title = {{TerraClimate}, a high-resolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958–2015},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2052-4463},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2017191},
	doi = {10.1038/sdata.2017.191},
	abstract = {Abstract
            We present {TerraClimate}, a dataset of high-spatial resolution (1/24°, {\textasciitilde}4-km) monthly climate and climatic water balance for global terrestrial surfaces from 1958–2015. {TerraClimate} uses climatically aided interpolation, combining high-spatial resolution climatological normals from the {WorldClim} dataset, with coarser resolution time varying (i.e., monthly) data from other sources to produce a monthly dataset of precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature, wind speed, vapor pressure, and solar radiation. {TerraClimate} additionally produces monthly surface water balance datasets using a water balance model that incorporates reference evapotranspiration, precipitation, temperature, and interpolated plant extractable soil water capacity. These data provide important inputs for ecological and hydrological studies at global scales that require high spatial resolution and time varying climate and climatic water balance data. We validated spatiotemporal aspects of {TerraClimate} using annual temperature, precipitation, and calculated reference evapotranspiration from station data, as well as annual runoff from streamflow gauges. {TerraClimate} datasets showed noted improvement in overall mean absolute error and increased spatial realism relative to coarser resolution gridded datasets.},
	pages = {170191},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Data},
	shortjournal = {Sci Data},
	author = {Abatzoglou, John T. and Dobrowski, Solomon Z. and Parks, Sean A. and Hegewisch, Katherine C.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2018-01-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {TerraClimate, a high-resolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958–2015.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cimatological variables and vegetation indices\\TerraClimate, a high-resolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958–2015.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{giglio_collection_2016,
	title = {The collection 6 {MODIS} active fire detection algorithm and fire products},
	volume = {178},
	issn = {00344257},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425716300827},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.054},
	abstract = {The two Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ({MODIS}) instruments, on-board {NASA}'s Terra and Aqua satellites, have provided more than a decade of global ﬁre data. Here we describe improvements made to the ﬁre detection algorithm and swath-level product that were implemented as part of the Collection 6 landproduct reprocessing, which commenced in May 2015. The updated algorithm is intended to address limitations observed with the previous Collection 5 ﬁre product, notably the occurrence of false alarms caused by small forest clearings, and the omission of large ﬁres obscured by thick smoke. Processing was also expanded to oceans and other large water bodies to facilitate monitoring of offshore gas ﬂaring. Additionally, ﬁre radiative power ({FRP}) is now retrieved using a radiance-based approach, generally decreasing {FRP} for all but the comparatively small fraction of high intensity ﬁre pixels. We performed a Stage-3 validation of the Collection 5 and Collection 6 Terra {MODIS} ﬁre products using reference ﬁre maps derived from more than 2500 high-resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reﬂection Radiometer ({ASTER}) images. Our results indicated targeted improvements in the performance of the Collection 6 active ﬁre detection algorithm compared to Collection 5, with reduced omission errors over large ﬁres, and reduced false alarm rates in tropical ecosystems. Overall, the {MOD}14 Collection 6 daytime global commission error was 1.2\%, compared to 2.4\% in Collection 5. Regionally, the probability of detection for Collection 6 exhibited a {\textasciitilde}3\% absolute increase in Boreal North America and Boreal Asia compared to Collection 5, a {\textasciitilde} 1\% absolute increase in Equatorial Asia and Central Asia, a {\textasciitilde} 1\% absolute decrease in South America above the Equator, and little or no change in the remaining regions considered. Not unexpectedly, the observed variability in the probability of detection was strongly driven by regional differences in ﬁre size. Overall, there was a net improvement in Collection 6 algorithm performance globally.},
	pages = {31--41},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	author = {Giglio, Louis and Schroeder, Wilfrid and Justice, Christopher O.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2016-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The collection 6 MODIS active fire detection algorithm and fire products.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\remote sensing\\The collection 6 MODIS active fire detection algorithm and fire products.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{giglio_collection_2018,
	title = {The Collection 6 {MODIS} burned area mapping algorithm and product},
	volume = {217},
	issn = {00344257},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425718303705},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2018.08.005},
	abstract = {The two Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ({MODIS}) instruments on-board {NASA}'s Terra and Aqua satellites have provided nearly two decades of global ﬁre data. Here, we describe reﬁnements made to the 500-m global burned area mapping algorithm that were implemented in late 2016 as part of the {MODIS} Collection 6 (C6) land-product reprocessing. The updated algorithm improves upon the heritage Collection 5.1 (C5.1) {MCD}64A1 and {MCD}45A1 algorithms by oﬀering signiﬁcantly better detection of small burns, a modest reduction in burn-date temporal uncertainty, and a large reduction in the extent of unmapped areas. Comparison of the C6 and C5.1 {MCD}64A1 products for ﬁfteen years (2002–2016) on a regional basis shows that the C6 product detects considerably more burned area globally (26\%) and in almost every region considered. The sole exception was in Boreal North America, where the mean annual area burned was 6\% lower for C6, primarily as a result of a large increase in the number of small lakes mapped (and subsequently masked) at high latitudes in the upstream C6 input data. With respect to temporal reporting accuracy, 44\% of the C6 {MCD}64A1 burned grid cells were detected on the same day as an active ﬁre, and 68\% within 2 days, which represents a substantial reduction in temporal uncertainty compared to the C5.1 {MCD}64A1 and {MCD}45A1 products. In addition, an areal accuracy assessment of the C6 burned area product undertaken using high resolution burned area reference maps derived from 108 Landsat image pairs is reported.},
	pages = {72--85},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	author = {Giglio, Louis and Boschetti, Luigi and Roy, David P. and Humber, Michael L. and Justice, Christopher O.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2018-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The Collection 6 MODIS burned area mapping algorithm and product.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\remote sensing\\The Collection 6 MODIS burned area mapping algorithm and product.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{brando_gathering_2020,
	title = {The gathering firestorm in southern Amazonia},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aay1632},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aay1632},
	abstract = {Amazon wildfires could emit 17.0 Pg of {CO}
              2
              by 2050, and avoiding new deforestation could cut associated net emissions by half.
            
          , 
            
              Wildfires, exacerbated by extreme weather events and land use, threaten to change the Amazon from a net carbon sink to a net carbon source. Here, we develop and apply a coupled ecosystem-fire model to quantify how greenhouse gas–driven drying and warming would affect wildfires and associated {CO}
              2
              emissions in the southern Brazilian Amazon. Regional climate projections suggest that Amazon fire regimes will intensify under both low- and high-emission scenarios. Our results indicate that projected climatic changes will double the area burned by wildfires, affecting up to 16\% of the region’s forests by 2050. Although these fires could emit as much as 17.0 Pg of {CO}
              2
              equivalent to the atmosphere, avoiding new deforestation could cut total net fire emissions in half and help prevent fires from escaping into protected areas and indigenous lands. Aggressive efforts to eliminate ignition sources and suppress wildfires will be critical to conserve southern Amazon forests.},
	pages = {eaay1632},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Science Advances},
	shortjournal = {Sci. Adv.},
	author = {Brando, P. M. and Soares-Filho, B. and Rodrigues, L. and Assunção, A. and Morton, D. and Tuchschneider, D. and Fernandes, E. C. M. and Macedo, M. N. and Oliveira, U. and Coe, M. T.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2020-01-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The gathering firestorm in southern Amazonia.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\The gathering firestorm in southern Amazonia.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{bond_global_2005,
	title = {The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire},
	volume = {165},
	issn = {0028-646X, 1469-8137},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01252.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01252.x},
	abstract = {This paper is the ﬁrst global study of the extent to which ﬁre determines global vegetation patterns by preventing ecosystems from achieving the potential height, biomass and dominant functional types expected under the ambient climate (climate potential).},
	pages = {525--538},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {New Phytologist},
	shortjournal = {New Phytologist},
	author = {Bond, W. J. and Woodward, F. I. and Midgley, G. F.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2005-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\tipping points\\The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{staver_global_2011,
	title = {The Global Extent and Determinants of Savanna and Forest as Alternative Biome States},
	volume = {334},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1210465},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1210465},
	abstract = {Savanna and forest are alternative states governed by fire at intermediate rainfall levels.
          , 
            Theoretically, fire–tree cover feedbacks can maintain savanna and forest as alternative stable states. However, the global extent of fire-driven discontinuities in tree cover is unknown, especially accounting for seasonality and soils. We use tree cover, climate, fire, and soils data sets to show that tree cover is globally discontinuous. Climate influences tree cover globally but, at intermediate rainfall (1000 to 2500 millimeters) with mild seasonality (less than 7 months), tree cover is bimodal, and only fire differentiates between savanna and forest. These may be alternative states over large areas, including parts of Amazonia and the Congo. Changes in biome distributions, whether at the cost of savanna (due to fragmentation) or forest (due to climate), will be neither smooth nor easily reversible.},
	pages = {230--232},
	number = {6053},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	shortjournal = {Science},
	author = {Staver, A. Carla and Archibald, Sally and Levin, Simon A.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2011-10-14},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Archibald\\The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{putz_importance_2010,
	title = {The Importance of Defining ‘Forest’: Tropical Forest Degradation, Deforestation, Long-term Phase Shifts, and Further Transitions: Importance of Defining ‘Forest’},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {00063606},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00567.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00567.x},
	shorttitle = {The Importance of Defining ‘Forest’},
	abstract = {While research continues on the causes, consequences, and rates of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics, there is little agreement about what exactly is being lost, what we want back, and to whom the ‘we’ refers. Particularly unsettling is that many analyses and well-intended actions are implemented in fogs of ambiguity surrounding deﬁnitions of the term ‘forest’—a problem that is not solely semantic; with development of markets for biomass carbon, vegetation classiﬁcation exercises take on new relevance. For example, according to the basic implementation guidelines of the Kyoto Protocol, closed canopy natural forest could be replaced by monoclonal plantations of genetically engineered exotic tree species and no deforestation would have occurred. Following these same guidelines, carbon credits for afforestation could be available for planting trees in species-rich savannas; these new plantations would count towards a country moving towards the ‘forest transition,’ the point at which there is no net ‘forest’ loss. Such obvious conﬂicts between biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration might be avoided if ‘forest’ was clearly deﬁned and if other vegetation types and other ecosystem values were explicitly recognized. While acknowledging that no one approach to vegetation classiﬁcation is likely to satisfy all users at all scales, we present an approach that recognizes the importance of species composition, reﬂects the utility of land-cover characteristics that are identiﬁable via remote sensing, and acknowledges that many sorts of forest degradation do not reduce carbon stocks (e.g., defaunation) or canopy cover (e.g., over-harvesting of understory nontimber forest products).},
	pages = {10--20},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Biotropica},
	author = {Putz, Francis E. and Redford, Kent H.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2010-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The Importance of Defining ‘Forest’ Tropical Forest Degradation, Deforestation, Long-term Phase Shifts, and Further Transitions.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\ecosystems - general\\The Importance of Defining ‘Forest’ Tropical Forest Degradation, Deforestation, Long-term Phase Shifts, and Further Transitions.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{beerling_origin_2006,
	title = {The origin of the savanna biome},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {13541013},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01239.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01239.x},
	shorttitle = {The origin of the savanna biome},
	abstract = {Savannas are a major terrestrial biome, comprising of grasses with the C4 photosynthetic pathway and trees with the C3 type. This mixed grass–tree biome rapidly appeared on the ecological stage 8 million years ago with the near-synchronous expansion of C4 grasses around the world. We propose a new hypothesis for this global event based on a systems analysis that integrates recent advances in how ﬁre inﬂuences cloud microphysics, climate and savanna ecology in a low carbon dioxide ({CO}2) world. We show that ﬁre accelerates forest loss and C4 grassland expansion through multiple positive feedback loops that each promote drought and more ﬁre. A low {CO}2 atmosphere ampliﬁes this cycle by limiting tree recruitment, allowing the ingress of C4 grasses to greatly increase ecosystem ﬂammability. Continued intensiﬁcation of land use could enhance or moderate the network of feedbacks that have initiated, promoted and sustained savannas for millions of years. We suggest these alterations will overprint the effects of anthropogenic atmospheric change in coming decades.},
	pages = {2023--2031},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Beerling, David J. and Osborne, Colin P.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2006-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The origin of the savanna biome.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\savannahs\\The origin of the savanna biome.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{addicott_toward_2022,
	title = {Toward an improved understanding of causation in the ecological sciences},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1540-9295, 1540-9309},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.2530},
	doi = {10.1002/fee.2530},
	pages = {474--480},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	shortjournal = {Frontiers in Ecol \& Environ},
	author = {Addicott, Ethan T and Fenichel, Eli P and Bradford, Mark A and Pinsky, Malin L and Wood, Stephen A},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2022-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Toward an improved understanding of causation in the ecological sciences.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\statistics\\Toward an improved understanding of causation in the ecological sciences.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{oliveira_trends_2014,
	title = {Trends in water balance components across the Brazilian Cerrado},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {00431397},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2013WR015202},
	doi = {10.1002/2013WR015202},
	abstract = {We assess the water balance of the Brazilian Cerrado based on remotely sensed estimates of precipitation ({TRMM}), evapotranspiration ({MOD}16), and terrestrial water storage ({GRACE}) for the period from 2003 to 2010. Uncertainties for each remotely sensed data set were computed, the budget closure was evaluated using measured discharge data for the three largest river basins in the Cerrado, and the Mann-Kendall test was used to evaluate temporal trends in the water balance components and measured river discharge. The results indicate an overestimation of discharge data, due mainly to the overestimation of rainfall by {TRMM} version 6. However, better results were obtained when the new release of {TRMM} 3B42 v7 was used instead. Our results suggest that there have been (a) signiﬁcant increases in average annual evapotranspiration over the entire Cerrado of 51 6 15 mm yr21, (b) terrestrial water storage increases of 11 6 6 mm yr21 in the northeast region of the Brazilian Cerrado, and (c) runoff decreases of 72 6 11 mm yr21 in isolated spots and in the western part of the State of Mato Grosso. Although complete water budget closure from remote sensing remains a signiﬁcant challenge due to uncertainties in the data, it provides a useful way to evaluate trends in major water balance components over large regions, identify dry periods, and assess changes in water balance due to land cover and land use change.},
	pages = {7100--7114},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Water Resources Research},
	shortjournal = {Water Resour. Res.},
	author = {Oliveira, Paulo Tarso S. and Nearing, Mark A. and Moran, M. Susan and Goodrich, David C. and Wendland, Edson and Gupta, Hoshin V.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2014-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Trends in water balance components across the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\hydrology\\Trends in water balance components across the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{keeley_twenty-first_2019,
	title = {Twenty-first century California, {USA}, wildfires: fuel-dominated vs. wind-dominated fires},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1933-9747},
	url = {https://fireecology.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42408-019-0041-0},
	doi = {10.1186/s42408-019-0041-0},
	shorttitle = {Twenty-first century California, {USA}, wildfires},
	abstract = {Since the beginning of the twenty-first century California, {USA}, has experienced a substantial increase in the frequency of large wildfires, often with extreme impacts on people and property. Due to the size of the state, it is not surprising that the factors driving these changes differ across this region. Although there are always multiple factors driving wildfire behavior, we believe a helpful model for understanding fires in the state is to frame the discussion in terms of bottom-up vs. top-down controls on fire behavior; that is, fires that are clearly dominated by anomalously high fuel loads from those dominated by extreme wind events. Of course, this distinction is somewhat artificial in that all fires are controlled by multiple factors involving fuels, winds, and topography. However, we believe that fires clearly recognizable as fuel-dominated vs. wind-dominated provide interesting case studies of factors behind these two extremes. These two types of fires differ greatly in their (1) geographical distribution in the state, (2) past fire history, (3) prominent sources of ignition, (4) seasonal timing, (5) resources most at risk, and (6) requirement for different management responses.},
	pages = {24, s42408--019--0041--0},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Fire Ecology},
	shortjournal = {fire ecol},
	author = {Keeley, Jon E. and Syphard, Alexandra D.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2019-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Twenty-first century California, USA, wildfires - fuel-dominated vs. wind-dominated fires.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Twenty-first century California, USA, wildfires - fuel-dominated vs. wind-dominated fires.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{espirito-santo_understanding_2016,
	title = {Understanding patterns of land-cover change in the Brazilian Cerrado from 2000 to 2015},
	volume = {371},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0435},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2015.0435},
	abstract = {Clearing tropical vegetation impacts biodiversity, the provision of ecosystem services, and thus ultimately human welfare. We quantified changes in land cover from 2000 to 2015 across the Cerrado biome of northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. We assessed the potential biophysical and socio-economic drivers of the loss of Cerrado, natural regeneration and net cover change at the municipality level. Further, we evaluated correlations between these land change variables and indicators of human welfare. We detected extensive land-cover changes in the study area, with the conversion of 23 446 km
              2
              and the natural regeneration of 13 926 km
              2
              , resulting in a net loss of 9520 km
              2
              . The annual net loss (−1.2\% per year) of the cover of Cerrado is higher than that reported for the whole biome in similar periods. We argue that environmental and economic variables interact to underpin rates of conversion of Cerrado, most severely affecting more humid Cerrado lowlands. While rates of Cerrado regeneration are important for conservation strategies of the remaining biome, their integrity must be investigated given the likelihood of encroachment. Given the high frequency of land abandonment in tropical regions, secondary vegetation is fundamental to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem services. Finally, the impacts of Cerrado conversion on human welfare likely vary from local to regional scales, making it difficult to elaborate land-use policies based solely on socio-economic indicators.
            
            This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation’.},
	pages = {20150435},
	number = {1703},
	journaltitle = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B},
	author = {Espírito-Santo, Mário M. and Leite, Marcos E. and Silva, Jhonathan O. and Barbosa, Rômulo S. and Rocha, André M. and Anaya, Felisa C. and Dupin, Mariana G. V.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2016-09-19},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Understanding patterns of land-cover change in the Brazilian Cerrado from 2000 to 2015.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\land-use\\Understanding patterns of land-cover change in the Brazilian Cerrado from 2000 to 2015.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{kelly_using_2017,
	title = {Using fire to promote biodiversity},
	volume = {355},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aam7672},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aam7672},
	abstract = {Biodiversity can benefit from fires tailored to suit particular ecosystems and species
          , 
            
              Fire profoundly influences people, climate, and ecosystems (
              1
              ). The impacts of this interaction are likely to grow, with climate models forecasting widespread increases in fire frequency and intensity because of rising global temperatures (
              2
              ). However, the relationship between fire and biodiversity is complex (
              3
              ,
              4
              ). Many plants and animals require fire for their survival, yet even in fire-prone ecosystems, some species and communities are highly sensitive to fire. Recent studies (
              2
              ,
              3
              ,
              5
              ,
              6
              ) are helping to define fire regimes that support the conservation of species with different requirements in a rapidly changing world.},
	pages = {1264--1265},
	number = {6331},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	shortjournal = {Science},
	author = {Kelly, L. T. and Brotons, L.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2017-03-24},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Using fire to promote biodiversity.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Using fire to promote biodiversity.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{veldman_where_2015,
	title = {Where Tree Planting and Forest Expansion are Bad for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {1525-3244, 0006-3568},
	url = {http://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/65/10/1011/245863/Where-Tree-Planting-and-Forest-Expansion-are-Bad},
	doi = {10.1093/biosci/biv118},
	abstract = {Misperceptions about the world’s grassy biomes contribute to their alarming rates of loss due to conversion for agriculture and tree plantations, as well as to forest encroachment. To illustrate the causes and consequences of these misperceptions, we show that the World Resources Institute and the International Union for Conservation of Nature misidentified 9 million square kilometers of ancient grassy biomes as providing “opportunities” for forest restoration. Establishment of forests in these grasslands, savannas, and open-canopy woodlands would devastate biodiversity and ecosystem services. Such undesired outcomes are avoidable if the distinct ecologies and conservation needs of forest and grassy biomes become better integrated into science and policy. To start with, scientists should create maps that accurately depict grassy biomes at global and landscape scales. It is also crucial that international environmental agreements (e.g., the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) formally recognize grassy biomes and their environmental values.},
	pages = {1011--1018},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {{BioScience}},
	author = {Veldman, Joseph W. and Overbeck, Gerhard E. and Negreiros, Daniel and Mahy, Gregory and Le Stradic, Soizig and Fernandes, G. Wilson and Durigan, Giselda and Buisson, Elise and Putz, Francis E. and Bond, William J.},
	urldate = {2022-12-31},
	date = {2015-10-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Where Tree Planting and Forest Expansion are Bad for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\savannahs\\Where Tree Planting and Forest Expansion are Bad for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{abatzoglou_global_2019,
	title = {Global Emergence of Anthropogenic Climate Change in Fire Weather Indices},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0094-8276, 1944-8007},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018GL080959},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GL080959},
	abstract = {Changes in global ﬁre activity are inﬂuenced by a multitude of factors including land-cover change, policies, and climatic conditions. This study uses 17 climate models to evaluate when changes in ﬁre weather, as realized through the Fire Weather Index, emerge from the expected range of internal variability due to anthropogenic climate change using the time of emergence framework. Anthropogenic increases in extreme Fire Weather Index days emerge for 22\% of burnable land area globally by 2019, including much of the Mediterranean and the Amazon. By the midtwenty-ﬁrst century, emergence among the different Fire Weather Index metrics occurs for 33–62\% of burnable lands. Emergence of heightened ﬁre weather becomes more widespread as a function of global temperature change. At 2 °C above preindustrial levels, the area of emergence is half that for 3 °C. These results highlight increases in ﬁre weather conditions with human-caused climate change and incentivize local adaptation efforts to limit detrimental ﬁre impacts. Plain Language Summary Observed increases in the frequency and severity of ﬁre weather have been observed across portions of the globe over the past half century. We used climate models to identify where and when anthropogenic climate change causes ﬁre weather conditions to exceed that of natural variability. Modeling results show that emergence for some ﬁre weather indices is already under way for a sizable portion of the globe, including much of southern Europe and the Amazon, and with an expansion of this area with continued warming over the twenty-ﬁrst century. These ﬁndings suggest substantial increases in ﬁre potential in regions where vegetation abundance and ignitions are not limiting, highlighting the urgency to adapt to changes in ﬁre disturbances and hazards.},
	pages = {326--336},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	shortjournal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
	author = {Abatzoglou, John T. and Williams, A. Park and Barbero, Renaud},
	urldate = {2023-01-04},
	date = {2019-01-16},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Global Emergence of Anthropogenic Climate Change in Fire Weather Indices.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Global Emergence of Anthropogenic Climate Change in Fire Weather Indices.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{stott_how_2016,
	title = {How climate change affects extreme weather events},
	volume = {352},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaf7271},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aaf7271},
	abstract = {Research can increasingly determine the contribution of climate change to extreme events such as droughts
          , 
            
              Human-induced climate change has led to an increase in the frequency and intensity of daily temperature extremes and has contributed to a widespread intensification of daily precipitation extremes (
              
                1
              
              ,
              
                2
              
              ). But has it also made specific extreme weather and climate events—such as floods, droughts, and heat waves—more likely? Although it has been said that individual climate events cannot be attributed to anthropogenic climate change (
              
                3
              
              ), a recent assessment by the National Academies of Science concludes that “this is no longer true as an unqualified blanket statement” (
              
                4
              
              ). Robust event attribution can support decisions such as how to rebuild after a disaster and how to price insurance by quantifying the current risk of such events.},
	pages = {1517--1518},
	number = {6293},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	shortjournal = {Science},
	author = {Stott, Peter},
	urldate = {2023-01-04},
	date = {2016-06-24},
	langid = {english},
	file = {How climate change affects extreme weather events.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\climate - earth system\\How climate change affects extreme weather events.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{liu_recent_2015,
	title = {Recent reversal in loss of global terrestrial biomass},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1758-678X, 1758-6798},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2581},
	doi = {10.1038/nclimate2581},
	pages = {470--474},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Nature Climate Change},
	shortjournal = {Nature Clim Change},
	author = {Liu, Yi Y. and van Dijk, Albert I. J. M. and de Jeu, Richard A. M. and Canadell, Josep G. and {McCabe}, Matthew F. and Evans, Jason P. and Wang, Guojie},
	urldate = {2023-01-04},
	date = {2015-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Recent reversal in loss of global terrestrial biomass.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\ecosystems - general\\Recent reversal in loss of global terrestrial biomass.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{he_fire_2019,
	title = {Fire as a key driver of Earth's biodiversity},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {1464-7931, 1469-185X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12544},
	doi = {10.1111/brv.12544},
	abstract = {Many terrestrial ecosystems are ﬁre prone, such that their composition and structure are largely due to their ﬁre regime. Regions subject to regular ﬁre have exceptionally high levels of species richness and endemism, and ﬁre has been proposed as a major driver of their diversity, within the context of climate, resource availability and environmental heterogeneity. However, current ﬁre-management practices rarely take into account the ecological and evolutionary roles of ﬁre in maintaining biodiversity. Here, we focus on the mechanisms that enable ﬁre to act as a major ecological and evolutionary force that promotes and maintains biodiversity over numerous spatiotemporal scales. From an ecological perspective, the vegetation, topography and local weather conditions during a ﬁre generate a landscape with spatial and temporal variation in ﬁre-related patches (pyrodiversity), and these produce the biotic and environmental heterogeneity that drives biodiversity across local and regional scales. There have been few empirical tests of the proposition that ‘pyrodiversity begets biodiversity’ but we show that biodiversity should peak at moderately high levels of pyrodiversity. Overall species richness is greatest immediately after ﬁre and declines monotonically over time, with postﬁre successional pathways dictated by animal habitat preferences and varying lifespans among resident plants. Theory and data support the ‘intermediate disturbance hypothesis’ when mean patch species diversity is correlated with mean ﬁre intervals. Postﬁre persistence, recruitment and immigration allow species with different life histories to coexist. From an evolutionary perspective, ﬁre drives population turnover and diversiﬁcation by promoting a wide range of adaptive responses to particular ﬁre regimes. Among 39 comparisons, the number of species in 26 ﬁre-prone lineages is much higher than that in their non-ﬁre-prone sister lineages. Fire and its byproducts may have direct mutagenic effects, producing novel genotypes that can lead to trait innovation and even speciation. A paradigm shift aimed at restoring biodiversity-maintaining ﬁre regimes across broad landscapes is required among the ﬁre research and management communities. This will require ecologists and other professionals to spread the burgeoning ﬁre-science knowledge beyond scientiﬁc publications to the broader public, politicians and media.},
	pages = {1983--2010},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Biological Reviews},
	shortjournal = {Biol Rev},
	author = {He, Tianhua and Lamont, Byron B. and Pausas, Juli G.},
	urldate = {2023-01-04},
	date = {2019-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Fire as a key driver of Earth s biodiversity.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Fire as a key driver of Earth s biodiversity.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{pausas_alternative_2020,
	title = {Alternative Biome States in Terrestrial Ecosystems},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {13601385},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1360138519303036},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2019.11.003},
	pages = {250--263},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Trends in Plant Science},
	shortjournal = {Trends in Plant Science},
	author = {Pausas, Juli G. and Bond, William J.},
	urldate = {2023-01-04},
	date = {2020-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Alternative Biome States in Terrestrial Ecosystems.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\savannahs\\Alternative Biome States in Terrestrial Ecosystems.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{silva_impacts_2019,
	title = {Impacts of the 1.5 °C global warming target on future burned area in the Brazilian Cerrado},
	volume = {446},
	issn = {0378-1127},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112719301914},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.05.047},
	abstract = {Worldwide, fires have substantial economic, social and health-related impacts. Brazil is one of the most affected areas in the globe, particularly the Cerrado, a savanna-like biome, whose composition, structure, species abundance and diversity are shaped by recurring fires. The aim is to assess present and future trends of fire danger and burned area ({BA}), using the Daily Severity Rating ({DSR}), an extension of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System, and climate outputs from a regional climate model, the {RCA}4 from the Rossby Centre. To that end, we validated the climate variables simulated by {RCA}4 and the resulting {DSR}, both showing consistency with observation-based datasets. We then developed a statistical model of {BA} using fire season averaged {DSR} as a predictor, found to explain 71\% of the interannual variability of {BA} from 2003 to 2017. Using the statistical model, we projected future fire danger and {BA} over Cerrado for {IPCC} Representative Concentration Pathways 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5. Results show an increase in future {BA} for all scenarios, with pronounced changes for {RCPs} 4.5 and 8.5, where {BA} is expected to increase by 39\% and 95\% for 2100. In the case of {RCP} 2.6, the closest scenario to the 1.5 °C target established by the United Nations, results indicate an increase in mean {BA} up to 22\% by 2050, compared to the historical period, followed by a decrease to 11\% by 2100. This is especially relevant since {RCP} 2.6 is the only scenario where such a decrease is projected, highlighting the importance of keeping global mean surface temperature below the 1.5 °C warming target.},
	pages = {193--203},
	journaltitle = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Silva, Patrícia S. and Bastos, Ana and Libonati, Renata and Rodrigues, Julia A. and {DaCamara}, Carlos C.},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {Brazil, Climate change, Fire danger, Future burned area, Reanalysis, Regional climate model},
	file = {Impacts of the 1.5 °C global warming target on future burned area in the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Impacts of the 1.5 °C global warming target on future burned area in the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{munoz-sabater_era5-land_2021,
	title = {{ERA}5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1866-3516},
	url = {https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/13/4349/2021/},
	doi = {10.5194/essd-13-4349-2021},
	shorttitle = {{ERA}5-Land},
	abstract = {Framed within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) of the European Commission, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ({ECMWF}) is producing an enhanced global dataset for the land component of the ﬁfth generation of European {ReAnalysis} ({ERA}5), hereafter referred to as {ERA}5-Land. Once completed, the period covered will span from 1950 to the present, with continuous updates to support land monitoring applications. {ERA}5-Land describes the evolution of the water and energy cycles over land in a consistent manner over the production period, which, among others, could be used to analyse trends and anomalies. This is achieved through global high-resolution numerical integrations of the {ECMWF} land surface model driven by the downscaled meteorological forcing from the {ERA}5 climate reanalysis, including an elevation correction for the thermodynamic near-surface state. {ERA}5-Land shares with {ERA}5 most of the parameterizations that guarantees the use of the state-of-the-art land surface modelling applied to numerical weather prediction ({NWP}) models. A main advantage of {ERA}5-Land compared to {ERA}5 and the older {ERA}-Interim is the horizontal resolution, which is enhanced globally to 9 km compared to 31 km ({ERA}5) or 80 km ({ERA}-Interim), whereas the temporal resolution is hourly as in {ERA}5. Evaluation against independent in situ observations and global model or satellite-based reference datasets shows the added value of {ERA}5-Land in the description of the hydrological cycle, in particular with enhanced soil moisture and lake description, and an overall better agreement of river discharge estimations with available observations. However, {ERA}5-Land snow depth ﬁelds present a mixed performance when compared to those of {ERA}5, depending on geographical location and altitude. The description of the energy cycle shows comparable results with {ERA}5. Nevertheless, {ERA}5-Land reduces the global averaged root mean square error of the skin temperature, taking as reference {MODIS} data, mainly due to the contribution of coastal points where spatial resolution is important. Since January 2020, the {ERA}5-Land period available has extended from January 1981 to the near present, with a 2- to 3-month delay with respect to real time. The segment prior to 1981 is in production, aiming for a release of the whole dataset in summer/autumn 2021. The high spatial and temporal resolution of {ERA}5-Land, its extended period, and the consistency of the ﬁelds produced makes it a valuable dataset to support hydrological studies, to initialize {NWP} and climate models, and to support diverse applications dealing with water resource, land, and environmental management.},
	pages = {4349--4383},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Earth System Science Data},
	shortjournal = {Earth Syst. Sci. Data},
	author = {Muñoz-Sabater, Joaquín and Dutra, Emanuel and Agustí-Panareda, Anna and Albergel, Clément and Arduini, Gabriele and Balsamo, Gianpaolo and Boussetta, Souhail and Choulga, Margarita and Harrigan, Shaun and Hersbach, Hans and Martens, Brecht and Miralles, Diego G. and Piles, María and Rodríguez-Fernández, Nemesio J. and Zsoter, Ervin and Buontempo, Carlo and Thépaut, Jean-Noël},
	urldate = {2023-01-04},
	date = {2021-09-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {ERA5-Land a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\climate - earth system\\ERA5-Land a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{funk_climate_2015,
	title = {The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations—a new environmental record for monitoring extremes},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2052-4463},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201566},
	doi = {10.1038/sdata.2015.66},
	pages = {150066},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Data},
	shortjournal = {Sci Data},
	author = {Funk, Chris and Peterson, Pete and Landsfeld, Martin and Pedreros, Diego and Verdin, James and Shukla, Shraddhanand and Husak, Gregory and Rowland, James and Harrison, Laura and Hoell, Andrew and Michaelsen, Joel},
	urldate = {2023-01-04},
	date = {2015-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations—a new environmental record for monitoring extremes.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\climate - earth system\\The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations—a new environmental record for monitoring extremes.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{laubach_biologists_2021,
	title = {A biologist's guide to model selection and causal inference},
	volume = {288},
	issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.2815},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2020.2815},
	abstract = {A goal of many research programmes in biology is to extract meaningful insights from large, complex datasets. Researchers in ecology, evolution and behavior ({EEB}) often grapple with long-term, observational datasets from which they construct models to test causal hypotheses about biological processes. Similarly, epidemiologists analyse large, complex observational datasets to understand the distribution and determinants of human health. A key difference in the analytical workflows for these two distinct areas of biology is the delineation of data analysis tasks and explicit use of causal directed acyclic graphs ({DAGs}), widely adopted by epidemiologists. Here, we review the most recent causal inference literature and describe an analytical workflow that has direct applications for {EEB}. We start this commentary by defining four distinct analytical tasks (description, prediction, association, causal inference). The remainder of the text is dedicated to causal inference, specifically focusing on the use of {DAGs} to inform the modelling strategy. Given the increasing interest in causal inference and misperceptions regarding this task, we seek to facilitate an exchange of ideas between disciplinary silos and provide an analytical framework that is particularly relevant for making causal inference from observational data.},
	pages = {20202815},
	number = {1943},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Proc. R. Soc. B.},
	author = {Laubach, Zachary M. and Murray, Eleanor J. and Hoke, Kim L. and Safran, Rebecca J. and Perng, Wei},
	urldate = {2023-01-04},
	date = {2021-01-27},
	langid = {english},
	file = {A biologist’s guide to model selection and causal inference.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\statistics\\A biologist’s guide to model selection and causal inference.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{wu_reduced_2022,
	title = {Reduced global fire activity due to human demography slows global warming by enhanced land carbon uptake},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2101186119},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2101186119},
	abstract = {Significance
            
              Fire is an increasing climate-driven threat to humans. While human demography can strongly modulate fire ignition rates or fire suppression, changes in {CO}
              2
              released by fires feed back to climate. We show that human demography could reduce future fire activity, which would in turn attenuate global warming via an enhanced land carbon sink. This mitigation is strongest in a low–{CO}
              2
              -emission world, corresponding to ∼5 to 10 y of global {CO}
              2
              emissions at today's levels by 2100. We highlight the strong role of human demography in global fire reduction and the potential for climate change mitigation by enhanced land carbon sequestration. We also note possible trade-offs, including loss of biodiversity in fire-dependent ecosystems and increases in severe fire events.
            
          , 
            
              Fire is an important climate-driven disturbance in terrestrial ecosystems, also modulated by human ignitions or fire suppression. Changes in fire emissions can feed back on the global carbon cycle, but whether the trajectories of changing fire activity will exacerbate or attenuate climate change is poorly understood. Here, we quantify fire dynamics under historical and future climate and human demography using a coupled global climate–fire–carbon cycle model that emulates 34 individual Earth system models ({ESMs}). Results are compared with counterfactual worlds, one with a constant preindustrial fire regime and another without fire. Although uncertainty in projected fire effects is large and depends on {ESM}, socioeconomic trajectory, and emissions scenario, we find that changes in human demography tend to suppress global fire activity, keeping more carbon within terrestrial ecosystems and attenuating warming. Globally, changes in fire have acted to warm climate throughout most of the 20th century. However, recent and predicted future reductions in fire activity may reverse this, enhancing land carbon uptake and corresponding to offsetting ∼5 to 10 y of global {CO}
              2
              emissions at today’s levels. This potentially reduces warming by up to 0.11 °C by 2100. We show that climate–carbon cycle feedbacks, as caused by changing fire regimes, are most effective at slowing global warming under lower emission scenarios. Our study highlights that ignitions and active and passive fire suppression can be as important in driving future fire regimes as changes in climate, although with some risk of more extreme fires regionally and with implications for other ecosystem functions in fire-dependent ecosystems.},
	pages = {e2101186119},
	number = {20},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
	author = {Wu, Chao and Sitch, Stephen and Huntingford, Chris and Mercado, Lina M. and Venevsky, Sergey and Lasslop, Gitta and Archibald, Sally and Staver, A. Carla},
	urldate = {2023-01-09},
	date = {2022-05-17},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Reduced globalfire activity due to human demography slowsglobal warming by enhanced land carbon uptake.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Reduced globalfire activity due to human demography slowsglobal warming by enhanced land carbon uptake.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{rego_fire_2021,
	location = {Cham},
	title = {Fire Science: From Chemistry to Landscape Management},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-69815-7},
	series = {Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment},
	shorttitle = {Fire Science},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Rego, Francisco Castro and Morgan, Penelope and Fernandes, Paulo and Hoffman, Chad},
	urldate = {2023-01-26},
	date = {2021},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-69815-7},
	file = {Rego2021_Book_FireScience.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\books\\Rego2021_Book_FireScience.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{aldersley_global_2011-1,
	title = {Global and regional analysis of climate and human drivers of wildfire},
	volume = {409},
	issn = {00489697},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969711005353},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.032},
	abstract = {Identifying and quantifying the statistical relationships between climate and anthropogenic drivers of ﬁre is important for global biophysical modelling of wildﬁre and other Earth system processes. This study used regression tree and random forest analysis on global data for various climatic and human variables to establish their relative importance. The main interactions found at the global scale also apply regionally: greatest wildﬁre burned area is associated with high temperature (N 28 °C), intermediate annual rainfall (350–1100 mm), and prolonged dry periods (which varies by region). However, the regions of highest ﬁre incidence do not show clear and systematic behaviour. Thresholds seen in the regression tree split conditions vary, as do the interplay between climatic and anthropogenic variables, so challenges remain in developing robust predictive insight for the most wildﬁre-threatened regions.},
	pages = {3472--3481},
	number = {18},
	journaltitle = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Aldersley, Andrew and Murray, Steven J. and Cornell, Sarah E.},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2011-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Global and regional analysis of climate and human drivers of wildfire.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\L6MCCB6R\\Global and regional analysis of climate and human drivers of wildfire.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{wu_impacts_2017-1,
	title = {Impacts of land use on climate and ecosystem productivity over the Amazon and the South American continent},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1748-9326},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6fd6},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa6fd6},
	abstract = {The Amazon basin is characterized by a strong interplay between the atmosphere and vegetation. Anthropogenic land use and land cover change ({LULCC}) affects vegetation and the exchange of energy and water with the atmosphere. Here we have assessed potential {LULCC} impacts on climate and natural vegetation dynamics over South America with a regional Earth system model that also accounts for vegetation dynamics. The biophysical and biogeochemical impacts from {LULCC} were addressed with two simulations over the {CORDEX}-South America domain. The results show that {LULCC} imposes local and remote inﬂuences on South American climate. These include signiﬁcant local warming over the {LULCC}-affected area, changes in circulation patterns over the Amazon basin during the dry season, and an intensiﬁed hydrological cycle over much of the {LULCC}-affected area during the wet season. These changes affect the natural vegetation productivity which shows contrasting and signiﬁcant changes between northwestern (around 10\% increase) and southeastern (up to 10\% decrease) parts of the Amazon basin caused by mesoscale circulation changes during the dry season, and increased productivity in parts of the {LULCCaffected} areas. We conclude that ongoing deforestation around the fringes of the Amazon could impact pristine forest by changing mesoscale circulation patterns, amplifying the degradation of natural vegetation caused by direct, local impacts of land use activities.},
	pages = {054016},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Research Letters},
	author = {Wu, M and Schurgers, G and Ahlström, A and Rummukainen, M and Miller, P A and Smith, B and May, W},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2017-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Impacts of land use on climate and ecosystem productivity over the Amazon and the South American continent.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\LKR3DT3W\\Impacts of land use on climate and ecosystem productivity over the Amazon and the South American continent.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{westerling_warming_2006-1,
	title = {Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity},
	volume = {313},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1128834},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1128834},
	abstract = {Western United States forest wildfire activity is widely thought to have increased in recent decades, yet neither the extent of recent changes nor the degree to which climate may be driving regional changes in wildfire has been systematically documented. Much of the public and scientific discussion of changes in western United States wildfire has focused instead on the effects of 19th- and 20th-century land-use history. We compiled a comprehensive database of large wildfires in western United States forests since 1970 and compared it with hydroclimatic and land-surface data. Here, we show that large wildfire activity increased suddenly and markedly in the mid-1980s, with higher large-wildfire frequency, longer wildfire durations, and longer wildfire seasons. The greatest increases occurred in mid-elevation, Northern Rockies forests, where land-use histories have relatively little effect on fire risks and are strongly associated with increased spring and summer temperatures and an earlier spring snowmelt.},
	pages = {940--943},
	number = {5789},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	author = {Westerling, A. L. and Hidalgo, H. G. and Cayan, D. R. and Swetnam, T. W.},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2006-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\NY8VMXIH\\Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{gillett_detecting_2004-1,
	title = {Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2004GL020876},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GL020876},
	pages = {L18211},
	number = {18},
	journaltitle = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Gillett, N. P.},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2004},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\BVCFL6N8\\Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{parr_tropical_2014-1,
	title = {Tropical grassy biomes: misunderstood, neglected, and under threat},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {01695347},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953471400041X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2014.02.004},
	shorttitle = {Tropical grassy biomes},
	pages = {205--213},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Parr, Catherine L. and Lehmann, Caroline E.R. and Bond, William J. and Hoffmann, William A. and Andersen, Alan N.},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2014-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Tropical grassy biomes misunderstood, neglected, and under threat.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\PFYLPI6P\\Tropical grassy biomes misunderstood, neglected, and under threat.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{pausas_global_2013-1,
	title = {The global fire-productivity relationship: Fire and productivity},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1466822X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12043},
	doi = {10.1111/geb.12043},
	shorttitle = {The global fire-productivity relationship},
	abstract = {Aim It has been suggested that on a global scale, ﬁre activity changes along the productivity/aridity gradient following a humped relationship, i.e. the intermediate ﬁre–productivity hypothesis. This relation should be driven by differing relative roles of the main ﬁre drivers (weather and fuel) along the productivity gradient. However, the full intermediate ﬁre–productivity model across all world ecosystems remains to be validated.},
	pages = {728--736},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
	author = {Pausas, Juli G. and Ribeiro, Eloi},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2013-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The global fire–productivity relationship.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\2H4A49FF\\The global fire–productivity relationship.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{eriksen_why_2007-1,
	title = {Why do they burn the ?bush?? Fire, rural livelihoods, and conservation in Zambia},
	volume = {173},
	issn = {0016-7398, 1475-4959},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2007.00239.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1475-4959.2007.00239.x},
	shorttitle = {Why do they burn the ?},
	abstract = {Despite the historical importance of fire as a savanna land management tool, much controversy still surrounds discussions on anthropogenic fire utilization and the sustainability of indigenous land management practices in African savannas. This controversy is arguably a result of a discord between official fire policies and actual indigenous fire practices – a discord based on a gap in existing knowledge of, and a lack of informed literature on, the importance of fire for socio-economic and environmental survival in savanna environments. Addressing a continuing lack of research on the political ecology of fire, this study investigates the historical and present day socio-economic, environmental and political frameworks that affect anthropogenic burning regimes and land management in the Kafinda Game Management Area and Kasanka National Park in Zambia. A series of participatory research activities revealed the continuing importance of fire to rural livelihoods, but that a mismatch in desired burning regimes exists between local stakeholders. The paper argues that local power relations are preventing the local communities from adopting burning regimes that would be more environmentally sustainable and more in line with present day farming systems.},
	pages = {242--256},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {The Geographical Journal},
	author = {Eriksen, Christine},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2007-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Why do they burn the  bush   Fire  rural livelihoods  and conservation in Zambia.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\A8CEDV4N\\Why do they burn the  bush   Fire  rural livelihoods  and conservation in Zambia.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{russell-smith_managing_2013-1,
	title = {Managing fire regimes in north Australian savannas: applying Aboriginal approaches to contemporary global problems},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1540-9295, 1540-9309},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/120251},
	doi = {10.1890/120251},
	shorttitle = {Managing fire regimes in north Australian savannas},
	issue = {s1},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	author = {Russell-Smith, Jeremy and Cook, Garry D and Cooke, Peter M and Edwards, Andrew C and Lendrum, Mitchell and Meyer, {CP} (Mick) and Whitehead, Peter J},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2013-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Managing fire regimes in north Australian savannas  applying.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\2UW6K9Z4\\Managing fire regimes in north Australian savannas  applying.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{tarimo_spatial_2015-1,
	title = {Spatial distribution of temporal dynamics in anthropogenic fires in miombo savanna woodlands of Tanzania},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1750-0680},
	url = {https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13021-015-0029-2},
	doi = {10.1186/s13021-015-0029-2},
	abstract = {Background: Anthropogenic uses of fire play a key role in regulating fire regimes in African savannas. These fires contribute the highest proportion of the globally burned area, substantial biomass burning emissions and threaten maintenance and enhancement of carbon stocks. An understanding of fire regimes at local scales is required for the estimation and prediction of the contribution of these fires to the global carbon cycle and for fire management. We assessed the spatio-temporal distribution of fires in miombo woodlands of Tanzania, utilizing the {MODIS} active fire product and Landsat satellite images for the past {\textbackslash}textasciitilde40 years. Results: Our results show that up to 50.6\% of the woodland area is affected by fire each year. An early and a late dry season peak in wetter and drier miombo, respectively, characterize the annual fire season. Wetter miombo areas have higher fire activity within a shorter annual fire season and have shorter return intervals. The fire regime is characterized by small-sized fires, with a higher ratio of small than large burned areas in the frequency-size distribution (β = 2.16 ± 0.04). Large-sized fires are rare, and occur more frequently in drier than in wetter miombo. Both fire prevalence and burned extents have decreased in the past decade. At a large scale, more than half of the woodland area has less than 2 years of fire return intervals, which prevent the occurrence of large intense fires. Conclusion: The sizes of fires, season of burning and spatial extent of occurrence are generally consistent across time, at the scale of the current analysis. Where traditional use of fire is restricted, a reassessment of fire management strategies may be required, if sustainability of tree cover is a priority. In such cases, there is a need to combine traditional and contemporary fire management practices.},
	pages = {18},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Carbon Balance and Management},
	author = {Tarimo, Beatrice and Dick, Øystein B and Gobakken, Terje and Totland, Ørjan},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2015-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Spatial distribution of temporal dynamics in anthropogenic fires in miombo savanna woodlands of Tanzania.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\BJAHYFTR\\Spatial distribution of temporal dynamics in anthropogenic fires in miombo savanna woodlands of Tanzania.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{balshi_assessing_2009-1,
	title = {Assessing the response of area burned to changing climate in western boreal North America using a Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines ({MARS}) approach},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {13541013, 13652486},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01679.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01679.x},
	abstract = {Fire is a common disturbance in the North American boreal forest that inﬂuences ecosystem structure and function. The temporal and spatial dynamics of ﬁre are likely to be altered as climate continues to change. In this study, we ask the question: how will area burned in boreal North America by wildﬁre respond to future changes in climate? To evaluate this question, we developed temporally and spatially explicit relationships between air temperature and fuel moisture codes derived from the Canadian Fire Weather Index System to estimate annual area burned at 2.51 (latitude Â longitude) resolution using a Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline ({MARS}) approach across Alaska and Canada. Burned area was substantially more predictable in the western portion of boreal North America than in eastern Canada. Burned area was also not very predictable in areas of substantial topographic relief and in areas along the transition between boreal forest and tundra. At the scale of Alaska and western Canada, the empirical ﬁre models explain on the order of 82\% of the variation in annual area burned for the period 1960–2002. July temperature was the most frequently occurring predictor across all models, but the fuel moisture codes for the months June through August (as a group) entered the models as the most important predictors of annual area burned. To predict changes in the temporal and spatial dynamics of ﬁre under future climate, the empirical ﬁre models used output from the Canadian Climate Center {CGCM}2 global climate model to predict annual area burned through the year 2100 across Alaska and western Canada. Relative to 1991–2000, the results suggest that average area burned per decade will double by 2041–2050 and will increase on the order of 3.5–5.5 times by the last decade of the 21st century. To improve the ability to better predict wildﬁre across Alaska and Canada, future research should focus on incorporating additional effects of long-term and successional vegetation changes on area burned to account more fully for interactions among ﬁre, climate, and vegetation dynamics.},
	pages = {578--600},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Balshi, Michael S. and {McGUIRE}, A. David and Duffy, Paul and Flannigan, Mike and Walsh, John and Melillo, Jerry},
	urldate = {2022-12-29},
	date = {2009-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Assessing the response of area burned to changing climate in western boreal North.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\N5AFE5E7\\Assessing the response of area burned to changing climate in western boreal North.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{durigan_zero-fire_2020-1,
	title = {Zero-fire: Not possible nor desirable in the Cerrado of Brazil},
	volume = {268},
	issn = {03672530},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0367253020300761},
	doi = {10.1016/j.flora.2020.151612},
	shorttitle = {Zero-fire},
	abstract = {Fire has been a natural force modulating the vegetation of the Brazilian Cerrado since long before the ﬁrst humans arrived in this region about 12 thousand years {BP}. Cerrado plants are, therefore, adapted to ﬁre and some of them depend on ﬁre to maintain their reproduction and survival. However, after the use of ﬁre as a tool to destroy vast extents of forests in the last centuries, Brazilians in general formed a very negative opinion about the use of ﬁre and burning native vegetation was prohibited in the country. Although this decision was eﬀective in protecting tropical forests, the zero-ﬁre policy has been quite negative in the Cerrado. Fire suppression in Cerrado reserves has caused a dramatic loss of biodiversity at landscape level (homogenizing the vegetation structure), at species level (leading non-tree species to local extinction) and likely at population level (sexual reproduction impaired). Furthermore, fuel accumulation over several years without ﬁre increases the risks of catastrophic ﬁrestorms that will inevitably occur. Such negative consequences of ﬁre suppression in the Cerrado have not been noticed even among ecologists, including myself in early career and until recently. The biased tree-and-carbon perspective of environmental campaigns and ecological studies have reinforced the misunderstanding of ﬁre eﬀects in Cerrado vegetation. Both neglect that the absolute majority of Cerrado plant species, as well as associated fauna and ecosystem services, depend upon open vegetation-structures which are mostly maintained by ﬁre.},
	pages = {151612},
	journaltitle = {Flora},
	author = {Durigan, Giselda},
	urldate = {2022-12-30},
	date = {2020-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Zero-fire Not possible nor desirable in the Cerrado of Brazil.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\CXBPCK8T\\Zero-fire Not possible nor desirable in the Cerrado of Brazil.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{hantson_status_2016-1,
	title = {The status and challenge of global fire modelling},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1726-4189},
	url = {https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/13/3359/2016/},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-13-3359-2016},
	abstract = {Biomass burning impacts vegetation dynamics, biogeochemical cycling, atmospheric chemistry, and climate, with sometimes deleterious socio-economic impacts. Under future climate projections it is often expected that the risk of wildﬁres will increase. Our ability to predict the magnitude and geographic pattern of future ﬁre impacts rests on our ability to model ﬁre regimes, using either well-founded empirical relationships or process-based models with good predictive skill. While a large variety of models exist today, it is still unclear which type of model or degree of complexity is required to model ﬁre adequately at regional to global scales. This is the central question underpinning the creation of the Fire Model Intercomparison Project ({FireMIP}), an international initiative to compare and evaluate existing global ﬁre models against benchmark data sets for present-day and historical conditions. In this paper we review how ﬁres have been represented in ﬁre-enabled dynamic global vegetation models ({DGVMs}) and give an overview of the current state of the art in ﬁre-regime modelling. We indicate which challenges still remain in global ﬁre modelling and stress the need for a comprehensive model evaluation and outline what lessons may be learned from {FireMIP}.},
	pages = {3359--3375},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Biogeosciences},
	author = {Hantson, Stijn and Arneth, Almut and Harrison, Sandy P. and Kelley, Douglas I. and Prentice, I. Colin and Rabin, Sam S. and Archibald, Sally and Mouillot, Florent and Arnold, Steve R. and Artaxo, Paulo and Bachelet, Dominique and Ciais, Philippe and Forrest, Matthew and Friedlingstein, Pierre and Hickler, Thomas and Kaplan, Jed O. and Kloster, Silvia and Knorr, Wolfgang and Lasslop, Gitta and Li, Fang and Mangeon, Stephane and Melton, Joe R. and Meyn, Andrea and Sitch, Stephen and Spessa, Allan and van der Werf, Guido R. and Voulgarakis, Apostolos and Yue, Chao},
	urldate = {2022-12-30},
	date = {2016-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The status and challenge of global fire modelling.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\QVLSCHQ4\\The status and challenge of global fire modelling.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{jepson_disappearing_2005,
	title = {A disappearing biome? Reconsidering land-cover change in the Brazilian savanna},
	volume = {171},
	url = {https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00153.x},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00153.x},
	abstract = {The Cerrado, the tropical savanna covering 22\% of Brazil's territory, or approximately 1.783 million km2, has suffered significant human impacts during the past three decades. This paper re-examines estimates of Cerrado vegetation change dynamics using high-resolution satellite remote sensing data from an area of interest extracted from eastern Mato Grosso State. This region has undergone a high degree of typical agricultural development since the early 1970s. Results indicate significant loss of original vegetation as well as high levels of regeneration, suggesting Cerrado vegetation may be more resilient to human impacts than catastrophic estimations suggest. The paper concludes with a critical review of Cerrado land-cover change studies and the implications of evidence for vegetation regeneration, land-cover dynamism and land-use intensification, paying particular attention to spatial scale and research methods. The discussion concludes that Cerrado land-cover change studied at a higher resolution and larger scales (smaller area) is required to represent more effectively the complexity of land conversion for better assessment of human impacts and environmental policy.},
	pages = {99--111},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {The Geographical Journal},
	author = {Jepson, Wendy},
	date = {2005},
	keywords = {Brazil, Cerrado, environmental policy, land-cover change, remote sensing, tropical savanna},
}

@article{alencar_long-term_2022,
	title = {Long-Term Landsat-Based Monthly Burned Area Dataset for the Brazilian Biomes Using Deep Learning},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2510},
	doi = {10.3390/rs14112510},
	abstract = {Fire is a signiﬁcant agent of landscape transformation on Earth, and a dynamic and ephemeral process that is challenging to map. Difﬁculties include the seasonality of native vegetation in areas affected by ﬁre, the high levels of spectral heterogeneity due to the spatial and temporal variability of the burned areas, distinct persistence of the ﬁre signal, increase in cloud and smoke cover surrounding burned areas, and difﬁculty in detecting understory ﬁre signals. To produce a large-scale time-series of burned area, a robust number of observations and a more efﬁcient sampling strategy is needed. In order to overcome these challenges, we used a novel strategy based on a machine-learning algorithm to map monthly burned areas from 1985 to 2020 using Landsat-based annual quality mosaics retrieved from minimum {NBR} values. The annual mosaics integrated yearround observations of burned and unburned spectral data (i.e., {RED}, {NIR}, {SWIR}-1, and {SWIR}-2), and used them to train a Deep Neural Network model, which resulted in annual maps of areas burned by land use type for all six Brazilian biomes. The annual dataset was used to retrieve the frequency of the burned area, while the date on which the minimum {NBR} was captured in a year, was used to reconstruct 36 years of monthly burned area. Results of this effort indicated that 19.6\% (1.6 million km2) of the Brazilian territory was burned from 1985 to 2020, with 61\% of this area burned at least once. Most of the burning (83\%) occurred between July and October. The Amazon and Cerrado, together, accounted for 85\% of the area burned at least once in Brazil. Native vegetation was the land cover most affected by ﬁre, representing 65\% of the burned area, while the remaining 35\% burned in areas dominated by anthropogenic land uses, mainly pasture. This novel dataset is crucial for understanding the spatial and long-term temporal dynamics of ﬁre regimes that are fundamental for designing appropriate public policies for reducing and controlling ﬁres in Brazil.},
	pages = {2510},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Alencar, Ane A. C. and Arruda, Vera L. S. and Silva, Wallace Vieira da and Conciani, Dhemerson E. and Costa, Diego Pereira and Crusco, Natalia and Duverger, Soltan Galano and Ferreira, Nilson Clementino and Franca-Rocha, Washington and Hasenack, Heinrich and Martenexen, Luiz Felipe Morais and Piontekowski, Valderli J. and Ribeiro, Noely Vicente and Rosa, Eduardo Reis and Rosa, Marcos Reis and dos Santos, Sarah Moura B. and Shimbo, Julia Z. and Vélez-Martin, Eduardo},
	urldate = {2023-01-27},
	date = {2022-05-24},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Long-Term Landsat-Based Monthly Burned Area Dataset for the Brazilian Biomes Using Deep Learning.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Long-Term Landsat-Based Monthly Burned Area Dataset for the Brazilian Biomes Using Deep Learning.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{boulanger_refinement_2014,
	title = {A refinement of models projecting future Canadian fire regimes using homogeneous fire regime zones},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0045-5067, 1208-6037},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0372},
	doi = {10.1139/cjfr-2013-0372},
	abstract = {Broad-scale ﬁre regime modelling is frequently based on large ecological and (or) administrative units. However, these units may not capture spatial heterogeneity in ﬁre regimes and may thus lead to spatially inaccurate estimates of future ﬁre activity. In this study, we deﬁned homogeneous ﬁre regime ({HFR}) zones for Canada based on annual area burned ({AAB}) and ﬁre occurrence ({FireOcc}), and we used them to model future (2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100) ﬁre activity using multivariate adaptive regression splines ({MARS}). We identiﬁed a total of 16 {HFR} zones explaining 47.7\% of the heterogeneity in {AAB} and {FireOcc} for the 1959–1999 period. {MARS} models based on {HFR} zones projected a 3.7-fold increase in {AAB} and a 3.0-fold increase in {FireOcc} by 2100 when compared with 1961–1990, with great interzone heterogeneity. The greatest increases would occur in zones located in central and northwestern Canada. Much of the increase in {AAB} would result from a sharp increase in ﬁre activity during July and August. Ecozone- and {HFR}-based models projected relatively similar nationwide {FireOcc} and {AAB}. However, very high spatial discrepancies were noted between zonations over extensive areas. The proposed {HFR} zonation should help providing more spatially accurate estimates of future ecological patterns largely driven by ﬁre in the boreal forest such as biodiversity patterns, energy ﬂows, and carbon storage than those obtained from large-scale multipurpose classiﬁcation units.},
	pages = {365--376},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	shortjournal = {Can. J. For. Res.},
	author = {Boulanger, Yan and Gauthier, Sylvie and Burton, Philip J.},
	urldate = {2023-02-13},
	date = {2014-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {A refinement of models projecting future Canadian fire regimes using homogeneous fire regime zones.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\regimes\\A refinement of models projecting future Canadian fire regimes using homogeneous fire regime zones.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{boulanger_alternative_2012,
	title = {An alternative fire regime zonation for Canada},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1049-8001},
	url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=WF11073},
	doi = {10.1071/WF11073},
	abstract = {The ability of national and multipurpose ecological classification systems to provide an optimal zonation for a fire regime is questionable. Using wildfire (.1 ha) point data for the 1980–99 period, we defined zones with a homogeneous fire regime ({HFR}) across Canada and we assessed how these differ from the National Ecological Framework for Canada ({NEFC}) units of corresponding scale, i.e. ecoprovinces. Two {HFR} zonations were produced through spatially constrained clustering of (i) 1600-km2 cells and (ii) the smallest units of the {NEFC} system, i.e. ecodistricts, using attributes for natural and anthropogenic fires. Thirty-three {HFR} zones were identified. {HFR} zonations showed smaller differences among each other than with {NEFC} ecoprovinces. Comparisons with ecoprovinces suggested general agreement of generalised fire regime values with {HFR} zones but with poor zone boundary correspondence. Ecoprovince zonation led to an overgeneralisation of fire regime estimates with less variation captured than by the {HFR} zonations, especially that using gridded fixed-area cells. Estimates of fire-return interval strongly differed between a priori and {HFR} zonations. The use of large-scale {NEFC} units or a zonation using its smallest units may constrain our ability to accurately quantify and portray fire regime variability across the country. The alternative empirical {HFR} zonation using gridded cells refines the location and nature of fire risk.},
	pages = {1052},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
	shortjournal = {Int. J. Wildland Fire},
	author = {Boulanger, Yan and Gauthier, Sylvie and Burton, Philip. J. and Vaillancourt, Marie-Andrée},
	urldate = {2023-02-13},
	date = {2012},
	langid = {english},
	file = {An alternative fire regime zonation for Canada.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\regimes\\An alternative fire regime zonation for Canada.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{archibald_defining_2013,
	title = {Defining pyromes and global syndromes of fire regimes},
	volume = {110},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1211466110},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1211466110},
	abstract = {Fire is a ubiquitous component of the Earth system that is poorly understood. To date, a global-scale understanding of fire is largely limited to the annual extent of burning as detected by satellites. This is problematic because fire is multidimensional, and focus on a single metric belies its complexity and importance within the Earth system. To address this, we identified five key characteristics of fire regimes—size, frequency, intensity, season, and extent—and combined new and existing global datasets to represent each. We assessed how these global fire regime characteristics are related to patterns of climate, vegetation (biomes), and human activity. Cross-correlations demonstrate that only certain combinations of fire characteristics are possible, reflecting fundamental constraints in the types of fire regimes that can exist. A Bayesian clustering algorithm identified five global syndromes of fire regimes, or pyromes. Four pyromes represent distinctions between crown, litter, and grass-fueled fires, and the relationship of these to biomes and climate are not deterministic. Pyromes were partially discriminated on the basis of available moisture and rainfall seasonality. Human impacts also affected pyromes and are globally apparent as the driver of a fifth and unique pyrome that represents human-engineered modifications to fire characteristics. Differing biomes and climates may be represented within the same pyrome, implying that pathways of change in future fire regimes in response to changes in climate and human activity may be difficult to predict.},
	pages = {6442--6447},
	number = {16},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
	author = {Archibald, Sally and Lehmann, Caroline E. R. and Gómez-Dans, Jose L. and Bradstock, Ross A.},
	urldate = {2023-02-13},
	date = {2013-04-16},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Defining pyromes and global syndromes of fire regimes - SI.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\regimes\\Defining pyromes and global syndromes of fire regimes - SI.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{boulanger_fire_2013,
	title = {Fire regime zonation under current and future climate over eastern Canada},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1051-0761},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/12-0698.1},
	doi = {10.1890/12-0698.1},
	abstract = {Fire is a major disturbance in Canadian forests. Along with fuel and ignition characteristics, climatic conditions are seen as one of the main drivers of ﬁre regimes. Projected changes in climate are expected to signiﬁcantly inﬂuence ﬁre regimes in Canada. As ﬁre regime greatly shapes large-scale patterns in biodiversity, carbon, and vegetation, as well as forest and ﬁre management strategies, it becomes necessary to deﬁne regions where current and future ﬁre regimes are homogeneous. Random Forests ({RF}) modeling was used to relate ﬁre regime attributes prevailing between 1961 and 1990 in eastern Canada with climatic/ﬁre-weather and environmental variables. Using climatic normals outputs from the Canadian Regional Climate Model ({CRCM}), we delineated current (1961–1990) and future (2011–2040, 2040–2070, 2071–2100) homogeneous ﬁre regime ({HFR}) zones. Heterogeneous response of ﬁre regime to climate changes is projected for eastern Canada with some areas (e.g., western Quebec) experiencing very small alterations while others (e.g., southeastern Ontario) are facing great shifts. Overall, models predicted a 2.2- and 2.4-fold increase in the number of ﬁres and the annual area burned respectively mostly as a result of an increase in extreme ﬁre-weather normals and mean drought code. As extreme ﬁre danger would occur later in the ﬁre season on average, the ﬁre season would shift slightly later (5–20 days) in the summer for much of the study area while remaining relatively stable elsewhere. Although ﬁre regime values would change signiﬁcantly over time, most zone boundaries would remain relatively stable. The information resulting from {HFR} zonations is clearly of interest for forest and ﬁre management agencies as it reveals zones with peculiar ﬁre regimes that would have been hidden otherwise using predeﬁned administrative or ecological stratiﬁcations.},
	pages = {904--923},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Ecological Applications},
	shortjournal = {Ecological Applications},
	author = {Boulanger, Yan and Gauthier, Sylvie and Gray, David R. and Le Goff, Héloïse and Lefort, Patrick and Morissette, Jacques},
	urldate = {2023-02-13},
	date = {2013-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Fire regime zonation under current and future climate over eastern Canada.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\regimes\\Fire regime zonation under current and future climate over eastern Canada.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inbook{viegas_identifying_2018,
	edition = {1},
	title = {Identifying pyroregions by means of Self Organizing Maps and hierarchical clustering algorithms in mainland Spain},
	isbn = {978-989-26-1650-6},
	url = {https://ucdigitalis.uc.pt/pombalina/item/68835},
	abstract = {Defining pyro-regions, i.e., of homogenous zones of fire activity, is an on-going task in Spain with few case studies in the literature. Their characterisation and understanding is a crucial step towards improving forest fire management and prevention. It is widely agreed that fire activity is non-stationary. Several works already report temporal dynamics in fire frequency and burned area. In this work we propose a spatialtemporal approach to define pyro-regions considering both structural and temporal fire behaviour using historical fire records from the {EGIF} database. A combination of Self Organizing Maps ({SOM}) and hierarchical clustering is applied to time series (1974-2015) of fire regime features: number/burned area of summer fires, number/burned area of large fires ({\textgreater}500 ha), number/burned area of natural fires, number/burned area of winter fires and number of small fires ({\textless}1 ha). The structural component of fire activity is computed as the average value whereas the temporal evolution is addressed by means of Sen’s slope.},
	pages = {495--505},
	booktitle = {Advances in forest fire research 2018},
	publisher = {Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra},
	author = {Jiménez-Ruano, Adrián and {et. al.}},
	bookauthor = {Viegas, Domingos Xavier (ed.)},
	urldate = {2023-02-13},
	date = {2018},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_54},
	file = {Identifying pyroregions by means of Self Organizing Maps and hierarchical clustering algorithms in mainland Spain.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\regimes\\Identifying pyroregions by means of Self Organizing Maps and hierarchical clustering algorithms in mainland Spain.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{cattau_modern_2022,
	title = {Modern Pyromes: Biogeographical Patterns of Fire Characteristics across the Contiguous United States},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2571-6255},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/5/4/95},
	doi = {10.3390/fire5040095},
	shorttitle = {Modern Pyromes},
	abstract = {In recent decades, wildﬁres in many areas of the United States (U.S.) have become larger and more frequent with increasing anthropogenic pressure, including interactions between climate, land-use change, and human ignitions. We aimed to characterize the spatiotemporal patterns of contemporary ﬁre characteristics across the contiguous United States ({CONUS}). We derived ﬁre variables based on frequency, ﬁre radiative power ({FRP}), event size, burned area, and season length from satellite-derived ﬁre products and a government records database on a 50 km grid (1984–2020). We used k-means clustering to create a hierarchical classiﬁcation scheme of areas with relatively homogeneous ﬁre characteristics, or modern ‘pyromes,’ and report on the model with eight major pyromes. Human ignition pressure provides a key explanation for the East-West patterns of ﬁre characteristics. Human-dominated pyromes (85\% mean anthropogenic ignitions), with moderate ﬁre size, area burned, and intensity, covered 59\% of {CONUS}, primarily in the East and East Central. Physically dominated pyromes (47\% mean anthropogenic ignitions) characterized by relatively large (average 439 mean annual ha per 50 km pixel) and intense (average 75 mean annual megawatts/pixel) ﬁres occurred in 14\% of {CONUS}, primarily in the West and West Central. The percent of anthropogenic ignitions increased over time in all pyromes (0.5–1.7\% annually). Higher ﬁre frequency was related to smaller events and lower {FRP}, and these relationships were moderated by vegetation, climate, and ignition type. Notably, a spatial mismatch between our derived modern pyromes and both ecoregions and historical ﬁre regimes suggests other major drivers for modern U.S. ﬁre patterns than vegetation-based classiﬁcation systems. This effort to delineate modern U.S. pyromes based on ﬁre observations provides a national-scale framework of contemporary ﬁre regions and may help elucidate patterns of change in an uncertain future.},
	pages = {95},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Fire},
	shortjournal = {Fire},
	author = {Cattau, Megan and Mahood, Adam and Balch, Jennifer and Wessman, Carol},
	urldate = {2023-02-13},
	date = {2022-07-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Modern Pyromes Biogeographical Patterns of Fire Characteristics across the Contiguous United States.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\regimes\\Modern Pyromes Biogeographical Patterns of Fire Characteristics across the Contiguous United States.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{elia_uncovering_2022,
	title = {Uncovering current pyroregions in Italy using wildfire metrics},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2192-1709},
	url = {https://ecologicalprocesses.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13717-022-00360-6},
	doi = {10.1186/s13717-022-00360-6},
	abstract = {Background:  Pyrogeography is a major field of investigation in wildfire science because of its capacity to describe the spatial and temporal variations of fire disturbance. We propose a systematic pyrogeographic analytical approach to cluster regions on the basis of their pyrosimilarities. We employed the Affinity Propagation algorithm to cluster pyroregions using Italian landscape as a test bed and its current wildfire metrics in terms of density, seasonality and stand replacing fire ratio. A discussion follows on how pyrogeography varies according to differences in the human, biophysical, socioeconomic, and climatic spheres.
Results:  The algorithm identified seven different pyroregion clusters. Two main gradients were identified that partly explain the variability of wildfire metrics observed in the current pyroregions. First, a gradient characterized by increasing temperatures and exposure to droughts, which coincides with a decreasing latitude, and second, a human pressure gradient displaying increasing population density in areas at lower elevation. These drivers exerted a major influence on wildfire density, burnt area over available fuels and stand replacing, which were associated to warmdry climate and high human pressure. The study statistically highlighted the importance of a North–South gradient, which represents one of the most important drivers of wildfire regimes resulting from the variations in climatic conditions but showing collinearity with socioeconomic aspects as well.
Conclusion:  Our fully replicable analytical approach can be applied at multiple scales and used for the entire European continent to uncover new and larger pyroregions. This could create a basis for the European Commission to promote innovative and collaborative funding programs between regions that demonstrate pyrosimilarities.},
	pages = {15},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Ecological Processes},
	shortjournal = {Ecol Process},
	author = {Elia, Mario and Giannico, Vincenzo and Ascoli, Davide and Argañaraz, Juan Pablo and D’Este, Marina and Spano, Giuseppina and Lafortezza, Raffaele and Sanesi, Giovanni},
	urldate = {2023-02-13},
	date = {2022-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Uncovering current pyroregions in Italy using wildfire metrics.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\regimes\\Uncovering current pyroregions in Italy using wildfire metrics.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{galizia_understanding_2021,
	title = {Understanding fire regimes in Europe},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1049-8001, 1448-5516},
	url = {https://www.publish.csiro.au/WF/WF21081},
	doi = {10.1071/WF21081},
	abstract = {Wildland fire effects are strongly associated with fire regime characteristics. Here, we developed the first European pyrogeography based on different fire regime components to better understand fire regimes across the continent. We identified four large-scale pyroregions: a non-fire-prone ({NFP}) pyroregion featuring nominal fire activity across central and northern Europe; a cool-season fire ({CSF}) pyroregion scattered throughout Europe; a fire-prone ({FP}) pyroregion extending mostly across southern Europe; and a highly fire-prone ({HFP}) pyroregion spanning across northern Portugal, Sicily, and western Balkans. Land cover analysis indicates that pyroregions were first shaped by vegetation and then by anthropogenic factors. On interannual timescales the spatial extent of pyroregions was found to vary, with {NFP} showing more stability. Interannual correlations between climate and burned area, fire frequency, and the length of fire period exhibited distinct patterns, strengthening in fire-prone pyroregions ({FP} and {HFP}) and weakening in {NFP} and {CSF}. Proportion of cool-season fires and large fires were related to fuel accumulation in fire-prone pyroregions. Overall, our findings indicate that such a pyrogeography should allow a more accurate estimate of the effects of climate on fire regimes while providing an appropriate framework to better understand fire in Europe.},
	pages = {56--66},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
	shortjournal = {Int. J. Wildland Fire},
	author = {Galizia, Luiz Felipe and Curt, Thomas and Barbero, Renaud and Rodrigues, Marcos},
	urldate = {2023-02-13},
	date = {2021-11-23},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Understanding fire regimes in Europe.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\regimes\\Understanding fire regimes in Europe.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{arif_applying_2023,
	title = {Applying the structural causal model framework for observational causal inference in ecology},
	volume = {93},
	issn = {0012-9615, 1557-7015},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecm.1554},
	doi = {10.1002/ecm.1554},
	abstract = {Ecologists are often interested in answering causal questions from observational data but generally lack the training to appropriately infer causation. When applying statistical analysis (e.g., generalized linear model) on observational data, common statistical adjustments can often lead to biased estimates between variables of interest due to processes such as confounding, overcontrol, and collider bias. To overcome these limitations, we present an overview of structural causal modeling ({SCM}), an emerging causal inference framework that can be used to determine cause-and-effect relationships from observational data. The {SCM} framework uses directed acyclic graphs ({DAGs}) to visualize researchers’ assumptions about the causal structure of a system or process under study. Following this, a {DAG}-based graphical rule known as the backdoor criterion can be applied to determine statistical adjustments (or lack thereof) required to determine causal relationships from observational data. In the presence of unobserved confounding variables, an additional rule called the frontdoor criterion can be employed to determine causal effects. Here, we use simulated ecological examples to review how the backdoor and frontdoor criteria can return accurate causal estimates between variables of interest, as well as how biases can arise when these criteria are not used. We further provide an overview of studies that have applied the {SCM} framework in ecology. {SCM}, along with its application of {DAGs}, has been widely used in other disciplines to make valid causal inferences from observational data. Their use in ecology holds tremendous potential for quantifying causal relationships and investigating a range of ecological questions without randomized experiments.},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Ecological Monographs},
	shortjournal = {Ecological Monographs},
	author = {Arif, Suchinta and {MacNeil}, M. Aaron},
	urldate = {2023-04-03},
	date = {2023-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Ecological Monographs - 2022 - Arif - Applying the structural causal model framework for observational causal inference in.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\statistics\\Ecological Monographs - 2022 - Arif - Applying the structural causal model framework for observational causal inference in.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{elwert_endogenous_2014,
	title = {Endogenous Selection Bias: The Problem of Conditioning on a Collider Variable},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0360-0572, 1545-2115},
	url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043455},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043455},
	shorttitle = {Endogenous Selection Bias},
	abstract = {Endogenous selection bias is a central problem for causal inference. Recognizing the problem, however, can be difﬁcult in practice. This article introduces a purely graphical way of characterizing endogenous selection bias and of understanding its consequences (Herna´n et al. 2004). We use causal graphs (direct acyclic graphs, or {DAGs}) to highlight that endogenous selection bias stems from conditioning (e.g., controlling, stratifying, or selecting) on a so-called collider variable, i.e., a variable that is itself caused by two other variables, one that is (or is associated with) the treatment and another that is (or is associated with) the outcome. Endogenous selection bias can result from direct conditioning on the outcome variable, a post-outcome variable, a post-treatment variable, and even a pre-treatment variable. We highlight the difference between endogenous selection bias, common-cause confounding, and overcontrol bias and discuss numerous examples from social stratiﬁcation, cultural sociology, social network analysis, political sociology, social demography, and the sociology of education.},
	pages = {31--53},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Annual Review of Sociology},
	shortjournal = {Annu. Rev. Sociol.},
	author = {Elwert, Felix and Winship, Christopher},
	urldate = {2023-04-03},
	date = {2014-07-30},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Endogenous Selection Bias The Problem of Conditioning on a Collider Variable.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\statistics\\Endogenous Selection Bias The Problem of Conditioning on a Collider Variable.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{xu_wildfires_2020,
	title = {Wildfires, Global Climate Change, and Human Health},
	journaltitle = {n engl j med},
	author = {Xu, Rongbin and Yu, Pei and Abramson, Michael J and Johnston, Fay H and Samet, Jonathan M and Bell, Michelle L and Haines, Andy and Ebi, Kristie L and Li, Shanshan and Guo, Yuming},
	date = {2020},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Wildfires, Global Climate Change, and Human Health.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Wildfires, Global Climate Change, and Human Health.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{de_mendonca_economic_2004,
	title = {The economic cost of the use of fire in the Amazon},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {09218009},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921800904000424},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.11.011},
	abstract = {The objective of this study is to investigate the cost of the use of fire in the Amazon. Burnings are commonplace in the Amazon production process and contribute towards the region’s agricultural expansion. Fire is used by farmers in the land preparation process and in clearing forest areas. It also helps combat plants that overrun pastures. However, fire also generates losses for farmers and landowners when it gets out of control. Since the use of fire from a private perspective obeys an economic rationale, the measurement of losses associated to the use of fire must consider the difference between intentional and accidental fires. This study introduces these important concepts which are fundamental to measure the cost of fire. Losses also reach social proportions. To address this issue, we estimated losses related to the release of carbon into the atmosphere, as well as losses due to respiratory ailments provoked by smoke from fires. Our study covered costs related to accidental pasture fires, fence losses, forest losses, carbon emissions, and impacts on human health. Our most conservative estimates indicate an average cost of around 0.2\% of the region’s {GDP} during the 1996 – 1999 period.},
	pages = {89--105},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Ecological Economics},
	shortjournal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {de Mendonça, Mário Jorge Cardoso and Vera Diaz, Maria del Carmen and Nepstad, Daniel and Seroa da Motta, Ronaldo and Alencar, Ane and Gomes, João Carlos and Ortiz, Ramon Arigoni},
	urldate = {2023-04-07},
	date = {2004-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The economic cost of the use of fire in the Amazon.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\The economic cost of the use of fire in the Amazon.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{galizia_global_2023,
	title = {Global Warming Reshapes European Pyroregions},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2328-4277, 2328-4277},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022EF003182},
	doi = {10.1029/2022EF003182},
	abstract = {Wildland fire is expected to increase in response to global warming, yet little is known about future changes to fire regimes in Europe. Here, we developed a pyrogeography based on statistical fire models to better understand how global warming reshapes fire regimes across the continent. We identified five large-scale pyroregions with different levels of area burned, fire frequency, intensity, length of fire period, size distribution, and seasonality. All other things being equal, global warming was found to alter the distribution of these pyroregions, with an expansion of the most fire prone pyroregions ranging respectively from 50\% to 130\% under 2° and 4°C global warming scenarios. Our estimates indicate a strong amplification of fire across parts of southern Europe and a subsequent shift toward new fire regimes, implying substantial socio-ecological impacts in the absence of mitigation or adaptation measures.},
	pages = {e2022EF003182},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Earth's Future},
	shortjournal = {Earth's Future},
	author = {Galizia, Luiz Felipe and Barbero, Renaud and Rodrigues, Marcos and Ruffault, Julien and Pimont, Francois and Curt, Thomas},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	date = {2023-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Global Warming Reshapes European Pyroregions.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Global Warming Reshapes European Pyroregions.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{garcia_characterizing_2022,
	title = {Characterizing Global Fire Regimes from Satellite-Derived Products},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1999-4907},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/5/699},
	doi = {10.3390/f13050699},
	abstract = {We identiﬁed four global ﬁre regimes based on a k-means algorithm using ﬁve variables covering the spatial, temporal and magnitude dimensions of ﬁres, derived from 19-year long satellite burned area and active ﬁre products. Additionally, we assessed the relation of ﬁre regimes to forest fuels distribution. The most extensive ﬁre regime (35\% of cells having ﬁre activity) was characterized by a long ﬁre season, medium size ﬁre events, small burned area, high intensity and medium variability. The next most extensive ﬁre regime (25.6\%) presented a long ﬁre season, large ﬁre events and the highest mean burned area, yet it showed the lowest intensity and the least variability. The third group (22.07\%) presented a short ﬁre season, the lowest burned area, with medium-low intensity, the smallest ﬁre patches and large variability. The fourth group (17.3\%) showed the largest burned area with large ﬁre patches of moderate intensity and low variability. Fire regimes and fuel types showed a statistically signiﬁcant relation ({CC} = 0.58 and {CC}’ = 0.67, p {\textless} 0.001), with most fuel types sustaining all ﬁre regimes, although a clear prevalence was observed in some fuel types. Further efforts should be directed towards the standardization of the variables in order to facilitate comparison, analysis and monitoring of ﬁre regimes and evaluate whether ﬁre regimes are effectively changing and the possible drivers.},
	pages = {699},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Forests},
	shortjournal = {Forests},
	author = {García, Mariano and Pettinari, M. Lucrecia and Chuvieco, Emilio and Salas, Javier and Mouillot, Florent and Chen, Wentao and Aguado, Inmaculada},
	urldate = {2023-05-15},
	date = {2022-04-29},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Characterizing Global Fire Regimes from Satellite-Derived Products.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Characterizing Global Fire Regimes from Satellite-Derived Products.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{beer_terrestrial_2010,
	title = {Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate},
	volume = {329},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1184984},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1184984},
	shorttitle = {Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake},
	abstract = {Carbon Cycle and Climate Change
            
              As climate change accelerates, it is important to know the likely impact of climate change on the carbon cycle (see the Perspective by
              
                Reich
              
              ). Gross primary production ({GPP}) is a measure of the amount of {CO}
              2
              removed from the atmosphere every year to fuel photosynthesis.
              
                Beer
                et al.
              
              (p.
              834
              , published online 5 July) used a combination of observation and calculation to estimate that the total {GPP} by terrestrial plants is around 122 billion tons per year; in comparison, burning fossil fuels emits about 7 billion tons annually. Thirty-two percent of this uptake occurs in tropical forests, and precipitation controls carbon uptake in more than 40\% of vegetated land. The temperature sensitivity (Q10) of ecosystem respiratory processes is a key determinant of the interaction between climate and the carbon cycle.
              
                Mahecha
                et al.
              
              (p.
              838
              , published online 5 July) now show that the Q10 of ecosystem respiration is invariant with respect to mean annual temperature, independent of the analyzed ecosystem type, with a global mean value for Q10 of 1.6. This level of temperature sensitivity suggests a less-pronounced climate sensitivity of the carbon cycle than assumed by recent climate models.
            
          , 
            A combination of data and models provides an estimate of how much photosynthesis by all the world’s plants occurs each year.
          , 
            
              Terrestrial gross primary production ({GPP}) is the largest global {CO}
              2
              flux driving several ecosystem functions. We provide an observation-based estimate of this flux at 123 ± 8 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year
              −1
              ) using eddy covariance flux data and various diagnostic models. Tropical forests and savannahs account for 60\%. {GPP} over 40\% of the vegetated land is associated with precipitation. State-of-the-art process-oriented biosphere models used for climate predictions exhibit a large between-model variation of {GPP}’s latitudinal patterns and show higher spatial correlations between {GPP} and precipitation, suggesting the existence of missing processes or feedback mechanisms which attenuate the vegetation response to climate. Our estimates of spatially distributed {GPP} and its covariation with climate can help improve coupled climate–carbon cycle process models.},
	pages = {834--838},
	number = {5993},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	shortjournal = {Science},
	author = {Beer, Christian and Reichstein, Markus and Tomelleri, Enrico and Ciais, Philippe and Jung, Martin and Carvalhais, Nuno and Rödenbeck, Christian and Arain, M. Altaf and Baldocchi, Dennis and Bonan, Gordon B. and Bondeau, Alberte and Cescatti, Alessandro and Lasslop, Gitta and Lindroth, Anders and Lomas, Mark and Luyssaert, Sebastiaan and Margolis, Hank and Oleson, Keith W. and Roupsard, Olivier and Veenendaal, Elmar and Viovy, Nicolas and Williams, Christopher and Woodward, F. Ian and Papale, Dario},
	urldate = {2023-05-31},
	date = {2010-08-13},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\ecosystems - general\\Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{pais_global_2023,
	title = {Global scale coupling of pyromes and fire regimes},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2662-4435},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00881-8},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-023-00881-8},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Different interpretations of the fire regime concept have limited the capacity to allocate specific fire regimes worldwide. To solve this limitation, in this study, we present a framework to frame contemporary fire regimes spatially on a global scale. We process historical wildfire records between 2000 and 2018 across the six continents. We uncover 15 global pyromes with clear differences in fire-related metrics, such as frequency and size. The pyromes were further divided into 62 regimes based on spatial aggregation patterns. This spatial framing of contemporary fire regimes allows for an interpretation of how a combination of driving factors such as vegetation, climate, and demographic features can result in a specific fire regime. To the best of our knowledge, this open source platform at unprecedented scale expands on existing classification efforts and bridges the gaps between global and regional fire studies.},
	pages = {267},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Communications Earth \& Environment},
	shortjournal = {Commun Earth Environ},
	author = {Pais, Cristobal and Gonzalez-Olabarria, Jose Ramon and Elimbi Moudio, Pelagie and Garcia-Gonzalo, Jordi and González, Marta C. and Shen, Zuo-Jun Max},
	urldate = {2023-09-19},
	date = {2023-07-21},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Global scale coupling of pyromes and fire regimes.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Global scale coupling of pyromes and fire regimes.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{moreno_characterising_2013,
	title = {Characterising fire regimes in Spain from fire statistics},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1049-8001},
	url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=WF12061},
	doi = {10.1071/WF12061},
	abstract = {The concept of fire regime refers to a variety of fire characteristics occurring at a given place and period of time. Understanding fire regimes is relevant to fire ecology and fire management because it provides a better understanding of effects of fire as well as the potential effects of different future scenarios. Recent changes in the traditional fire regimes linked to climate and socioeconomic transformations in European Mediterranean areas have influenced fire regimes and their effects on both ecosystems and people. This paper presents a methodology for characterising fire regimes based on historical fire statistics. The analysis includes three dimensions: density, seasonality and interannual variability. The raw records were pre-processed to eliminate errors, and a principal component analysis was performed to identify the primary factors involved in the variation. A cluster analysis was then used to define the fire regimes. Approximately 38\% of the spatial cells examined were found to have significant fire activity, but in spite that fires are important in these areas, fire activity showed a high interannual variability. Four fire regimes in the Spanish peninsular territory were described in terms of the density and seasonality of fire activity.},
	pages = {296},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
	shortjournal = {Int. J. Wildland Fire},
	author = {Moreno, M. Vanesa and Chuvieco, Emilio},
	urldate = {2023-11-23},
	date = {2013},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Characterising fire regimes in Spain from fire statistics.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Characterising fire regimes in Spain from fire statistics.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{krawchuk_constraints_2011,
	title = {Constraints on global fire activity vary across a resource gradient},
	volume = {92},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/09-1843.1},
	doi = {10.1890/09-1843.1},
	abstract = {We provide an empirical, global test of the varying constraints hypothesis, which predicts systematic heterogeneity in the relative importance of biomass resources to burn and atmospheric conditions suitable to burning (weather/climate) across a spatial gradient of long-term resource availability. Analyses were based on relationships between monthly global wildﬁre activity, soil moisture, and mid-tropospheric circulation data from 2001 to 2007, synthesized across a gradient of long-term averages in resources (net primary productivity), annual temperature, and terrestrial biome.},
	pages = {121--132},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Ecology},
	shortjournal = {Ecology},
	author = {Krawchuk, Meg A. and Moritz, Max A.},
	urldate = {2023-11-25},
	date = {2011-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Constraints on global fire activity vary across a resource gradient.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Constraints on global fire activity vary across a resource gradient.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{pausas_burning_2009,
	title = {A Burning Story: The Role of Fire in the History of Life},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {0006-3568, 1525-3244},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-lookup/doi/10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.10},
	doi = {10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.10},
	shorttitle = {A Burning Story},
	abstract = {Ecologists, biogeographers, and paleobotanists have long thought that climate and soils controlled the distribution of ecosystems, with the role of fire getting only limited appreciation. Here we review evidence from different disciplines demonstrating that wildfire appeared concomitant with the origin of terrestrial plants and played an important role throughout the history of life. The importance of fire has waxed and waned in association with changes in climate and paleoatmospheric conditions. Well before the emergence of humans on Earth, fire played a key role in the origins of plant adaptations as well as in the distribution of ecosystems. Humans initiated a new stage in ecosystem fire, using it to make the Earth more suited to their lifestyle. However, as human populations have expanded their use of fire, their actions have come to dominate some ecosystems and change natural processes in ways that threaten the sustainability of some landscapes.},
	pages = {593--601},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {{BioScience}},
	shortjournal = {{BioScience}},
	author = {Pausas, Juli G. and Keeley, Jon E.},
	urldate = {2023-11-25},
	date = {2009-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {A Burning Story The Role of Fire in the History of Life.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\A Burning Story The Role of Fire in the History of Life.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{bond_open_2019,
	title = {Open ecosystems: ecology and evolution beyond the forest edge},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Bond, William J},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{stevens_trillion_2023,
	title = {A trillion trees: carbon capture or fuelling fires?},
	issn = {01695347},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953472300246X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2023.09.015},
	shorttitle = {A trillion trees},
	pages = {S016953472300246X},
	journaltitle = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	shortjournal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Stevens, Nicola and Bond, William J.},
	urldate = {2023-11-25},
	date = {2023-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {A trillion trees - carbon capture of fuelling fires.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\A trillion trees - carbon capture of fuelling fires.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{stevens_grassy_2022,
	title = {Grassy Ecosystems in the Anthropocene},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1543-5938, 1545-2050},
	url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-environ-112420-015211},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-environ-112420-015211},
	abstract = {As the Anthropocene advances, there are few parts of Earth that have not been impacted by human influence. Humans have had a long-sustained interaction with grassy ecosystems, but they are becoming severely impacted by direct and indirect impacts as the Anthropocene advances. Grassy ecosystems are easy to clear and cultivate, poorly protected, and poorly defined due to legacies of colonial narratives that can describe them as deforested, wastelands, or derived. Climate change, land conversion, and the erosion of the processes that have shaped grassy ecosystems for millennia have had cascading and cumulative impacts on grassy ecosystem extent and integrity. We examine how these changes are impacting grassy ecosystems, more specifically, those that fall into ecosystem uncertain space—a climate envelope where vegetation is not at equilibrium with climate and either grassy or forest ecosystems can occur. It is within this space that climate, {CO}
              2
              , and disturbances (fire, herbivores) interact to determine the presence of grassy ecosystems. Changes to any of these components reduce the integrity of grassyecosystems. The loss of these ancient biodiverse ecosystems means loss of an array of ecosystem services fundamental to the lives of more than 1 billion people alongside Earth-system impacts of altered albedo, carbon, and hydrological cycles.},
	pages = {261--289},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Annual Review of Environment and Resources},
	shortjournal = {Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour.},
	author = {Stevens, Nicola and Bond, William and Feurdean, Angelica and Lehmann, Caroline E.R.},
	urldate = {2023-11-25},
	date = {2022-10-17},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Grassy Ecosystems in the Anthropocene.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\savannahs\\Grassy Ecosystems in the Anthropocene.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{van_der_werf_climate_2008,
	title = {Climate controls on the variability of fires in the tropics and subtropics},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0886-6236, 1944-9224},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007GB003122},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GB003122},
	abstract = {In the tropics and subtropics, most fires are set by humans for a wide range of purposes. The total amount of burned area and fire emissions reflects a complex interaction between climate, human activities, and ecosystem processes. Here we used satellite‐derived data sets of active fire detections, burned area, precipitation, and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation ({fAPAR}) during 1998–2006 to investigate this interaction. The total number of active fire detections and burned area was highest in areas that had intermediate levels of both net primary production ({NPP}; 500–1000 g C m
              −2
              year
              −1
              ) and precipitation (1000–2000 mm year
              −1
              ), with limits imposed by the length of the fire season in wetter ecosystems and by fuel availability in drier ecosystems. For wet tropical forest ecosystems we developed a metric called the fire‐driven deforestation potential ({FDP}) that integrated information about the length and intensity of the dry season. {FDP} partly explained the spatial and interannual pattern of fire‐driven deforestation across tropical forest regions. This climate‐fire link in combination with higher precipitation rates in the interior of the Amazon suggests that a negative feedback on fire‐driven deforestation may exist as the deforestation front moves inward. In Africa, compared to the Amazon, a smaller fraction of the tropical forest area had {FDP} values sufficiently low to prevent fire use. Tropical forests in mainland Asia were highly vulnerable to fire, whereas forest areas in equatorial Asia had, on average, the lowest {FDP} values. {FDP} and active fire detections substantially increased in forests of equatorial Asia, however, during El Niño periods. In contrast to these wet ecosystems we found a positive relationship between precipitation, {fAPAR}, {NPP}, and active fire detections in arid ecosystems. This relationship was strongest in northern Australia and arid regions in Africa. Highest levels of fire activity were observed in savanna ecosystems that were limited neither by fuel nor by the length of the fire season. However, relations between annual precipitation or drought extent and active fire detections were often poor here, hinting at the important role of other factors, including land managers, in controlling spatial and temporal variability of fire.},
	pages = {2007GB003122},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	shortjournal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	author = {van der Werf, Guido R. and Randerson, James T. and Giglio, Louis and Gobron, Nadine and Dolman, A. J.},
	urldate = {2023-11-25},
	date = {2008-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Climate controls on the variability of fires in the tropics and subtropics.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Climate controls on the variability of fires in the tropics and subtropics.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@incollection{ribeiro_cerrado_2008,
	title = {Cerrado Ecologia e Flora},
	pages = {152--212},
	booktitle = {As principais fitofisionomias do Bioma Cerrado.},
	publisher = {Embrapa},
	author = {Ribeiro, J.F. and Walter, B.M.T.},
	date = {2008},
}

@article{bowman_vegetation_2020,
	title = {Vegetation fires in the Anthropocene},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2662-138X},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-020-0085-3},
	doi = {10.1038/s43017-020-0085-3},
	abstract = {Vegetation fires are an essential component of the Earth system but can also cause substantial economic losses, severe air pollution, human mortality and environmental damage. Contemporary fire regimes are increasingly impacted by human activities and climate change, but, owing to the complex fire–human–climate interactions and incomplete historical or longterm datasets, it is difficult to detect and project fire-r egime trajectories. In this Review, we describe recent global and regional trends in fire activity and examine projections for fire regimes in the near future. Although there are large uncertainties, it is likely that the economic and environmental impacts of vegetation fires will worsen as a result of anthropogenic climate change. These effects will be particularly prominent in flammable forests in populated temperate zones, the sparsely inhabited flammable boreal zone and fire-s ensitive tropical rainforests, and will contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. The impacts of increased fire activity can be mitigated through effective stewardship of fire regimes, which should be achieved through evidence-b ased fire management that incorporates indigenous and local knowledge, combined with planning and design of natural and urban landscapes. Increasing transdisciplinary research is needed to fully understand how Anthropocene fire regimes are changing and how humans must adapt.},
	pages = {500--515},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {Nature Reviews Earth \& Environment},
	shortjournal = {Nat Rev Earth Environ},
	author = {Bowman, David M. J. S. and Kolden, Crystal A. and Abatzoglou, John T. and Johnston, Fay H. and van der Werf, Guido R. and Flannigan, Mike},
	urldate = {2023-11-25},
	date = {2020-08-18},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Vegetation fires in the anthropocene.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Vegetation fires in the anthropocene.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{nascimento_clima_2020-1,
	title = {Clima do Cerrado: dinâmica atmosférica e características, variabilidades e tipologias climáticas},
	author = {Nascimento, Diego Tarley Ferreira and Novais, Giuliano Tostes},
	date = {2020},
	langid = {portuguese},
	file = {Clima  do  Cerrado - dinâmica atmosférica e características, variabilidades e tipologias climáticas.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\Clima  do  Cerrado - dinâmica atmosférica e características, variabilidades e tipologias climáticas.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{guenard_hierarchical_2022,
	title = {Hierarchical Clustering with Contiguity Constraint in \textit{R}},
	volume = {103},
	issn = {1548-7660},
	url = {https://www.jstatsoft.org/v103/i07/},
	doi = {10.18637/jss.v103.i07},
	abstract = {This article presents a new implementation of hierarchical clustering for the R language that allows one to apply spatial or temporal contiguity constraints during the clustering process. The need for contiguity constraint arises, for instance, when one wants to partition a map into different domains of similar physical conditions, identify discontinuities in time series, group regional administrative units with respect to their performance, and so on. To increase computation efficiency, we programmed the core functions in plain C. The result is a new R function, constr.hclust, which is distributed in package adespatial.},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Statistical Software},
	shortjournal = {J. Stat. Soft.},
	author = {Guénard, Guillaume and Legendre, Pierre},
	urldate = {2023-11-25},
	date = {2022},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Hierarchical Clustering with Contiguity Constraint, Guenard and Legendre 2022.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\projects\\_chapter02\\docs\\clustering_algorithms\\Hierarchical Clustering with Contiguity Constraint, Guenard and Legendre 2022.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{lambiotte_random_2014,
	title = {Random Walks, Markov Processes and the Multiscale Modular Organization of Complex Networks},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2327-4697},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.04381},
	doi = {10.1109/TNSE.2015.2391998},
	abstract = {Most methods proposed to uncover communities in complex networks rely on combinatorial graph properties. Usually an edge-counting quality function, such as modularity, is optimized over all partitions of the graph compared against a null random graph model. Here we introduce a systematic dynamical framework to design and analyze a wide variety of quality functions for community detection. The quality of a partition is measured by its Markov Stability, a time-parametrized function deﬁned in terms of the statistical properties of a Markov process taking place on the graph. The Markov process provides a dynamical sweeping across all scales in the graph, and the time scale is an intrinsic parameter that uncovers communities at different resolutions. This dynamicbased community detection leads to a compound optimization, which favours communities of comparable centrality (as deﬁned by the stationary distribution), and provides a unifying framework for spectral algorithms, as well as different heuristics for community detection, including versions of modularity and Potts model. Our dynamic framework creates a systematic link between different stochastic dynamics and their corresponding notions of optimal communities under distinct (node and edge) centralities. We show that the Markov Stability can be computed efﬁciently to ﬁnd multi-scale community structure in large networks.},
	pages = {76--90},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Transactions on Network Science and Engineering},
	shortjournal = {{IEEE} Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng.},
	author = {Lambiotte, Renaud and Delvenne, Jean-Charles and Barahona, Mauricio},
	urldate = {2023-11-25},
	date = {2014-07-01},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, Physics - Physics and Society},
	file = {Random walks, Markov processes and the Multiscale Modular Organization of Complex Networks.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\projects\\_chapter02\\docs\\deciding_number_clusters\\Random walks, Markov processes and the Multiscale Modular Organization of Complex Networks.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{borcard_numerical_2011,
	title = {Numerical ecology with R},
	volume = {2},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Borcard, Daniel and Gillet, François and Legendre, Pierre and {others}},
	date = {2011},
}

@article{rocha_deteccao_2012,
	title = {Detecção de desmatamentos no bioma Cerrado entre 2002 e 2009: padrões, tendências e impactos},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1808-0936, 0560-4613},
	url = {https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistabrasileiracartografia/article/view/43744},
	doi = {10.14393/rbcv63n3-43744},
	shorttitle = {{DETECÇÃO} {DE} {DESMATAMENTOS} {NO} {BIOMA} {CERRADO} {ENTRE} 2002 E 2009},
	abstract = {This work analyzed the spatial distribution of deforestations in the Cerrado biome for the 2002 – 2009 period, aiming at the understanding of the current transformation processes in this ecosystem. More specifically, we generated deforestation warnings, in relation to the 2002 {PROBIO} Cerrado land-cover map, based on the use of {MODIS} imagery. These warnings were validated through both higher spatial resolution imagery (Landsat {TM} and {CBERS} {CCD}) and field inspections, which also allowed to identify the main physiognomic types affected, as well as the driving forces behind the observed clearings. The spatial analysis of the deforestation polygons indicated that about 70\% of the warnings were concentrated in only 100 municipalities and that there are two active agricultural frontiers in the Cerrado: the first one along the West portion of the Bahia State up to the South of Maranhão; the other one extending from the South East of Mato Grosso to the East of Mato Grosso do Sul states. Such expansion occurs mainly in areas of dense vegetation and flat terrains, favorable to mechanized crop fields and, to a less extent, cattle ranching. The results clearly corroborate the importance of a systematic vegetation monitoring, for which moderate resolution satellite imagery has great potential and usefulness.},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Revista Brasileira de Cartografia},
	shortjournal = {Rev. Bras. Cartogr.},
	author = {Rocha, Genival Fernandes and Guimarães Ferreira, Laerte and Clementino Ferreira, Nilson and Eduardo Ferreira, Manuel},
	urldate = {2023-11-26},
	date = {2012-03-07},
	langid = {portuguese},
	file = {Deforestation Detection in The Cerrado Biome Between 2002 and 2009 Patterns, Trends and Impacts.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\land-use\\Deforestation Detection in The Cerrado Biome Between 2002 and 2009 Patterns, Trends and Impacts.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{teixeira_pitta_impacts_2017,
	title = {Impacts of the agribsuiness expansion in teh Matopiba region: communities and the environment},
	journaltitle = {{ActionAid} - Rio de Janeiro},
	author = {Teixeira Pitta, Fabio and Cerdas Vega, Gerardo},
	date = {2017},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Impacts of agribusiness expansion in the Matopiba region - communities and the environment.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\land-use\\Impacts of agribusiness expansion in the Matopiba region - communities and the environment.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{eloy_seasonal_2019,
	title = {Seasonal fire management by traditional cattle ranchers prevents the spread of wildfire in the Brazilian Cerrado},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0044-7447, 1654-7209},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13280-018-1118-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s13280-018-1118-8},
	abstract = {The use of ﬁre by cattle ranchers is a major source of conﬂict between conservationists and local communities in tropical savannas. We evaluate the role of traditional pastoral management in wildﬁre prevention in two protected areas within the Brazilian savanna. Finegrain ﬁeld data from transect walks and interviews were combined with geospatial data at landscape scale to compare ﬁre regimes in community-managed areas with those in government-managed areas. Local pastoral management creates seasonal mosaic patterns of burnings performed for productive activities and for deliberate landscape management, i.e. to protect ﬁre-sensitive vegetation and avoid wildﬁres. Whereas governmentmanaged areas were affected by large biennial late dry season wildﬁres, community-managed areas with a regular ﬁre regime suffered less damage. These systems are under threat and poorly understood by researchers and environmental managers. In order to improve ﬁre management in tropical savannas, greater understanding of pastoral management practices and their spatiotemporal dimensions is required.},
	pages = {890--899},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Ambio},
	shortjournal = {Ambio},
	author = {Eloy, Ludivine and Schmidt, Isabel Belloni and Borges, Silvia Laine and Ferreira, Maxmiller Cardoso and dos Santos, Teomenilton A.},
	urldate = {2023-11-26},
	date = {2019-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Seasonal fire management by traditional cattle ranchers prevents the spread of wildfire in the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Seasonal fire management by traditional cattle ranchers prevents the spread of wildfire in the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{janssen_extratropical_2023,
	title = {Extratropical forests increasingly at risk due to lightning fires},
	issn = {1752-0894, 1752-0908},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-023-01322-z},
	doi = {10.1038/s41561-023-01322-z},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Fires can be ignited by people or by natural causes, which are almost exclusively lightning strikes. Discriminating between lightning and anthropogenic fires is paramount when estimating impacts of changing socioeconomic and climatological conditions on fire activity. Here we use reference data of fire ignition locations, cause and burned area from seven world regions in a machine-learning approach to obtain a global attribution of lightning and anthropogenic ignitions as dominant fire ignition sources. We show that 77\% (uncertainty expressed as one standard deviation = 8\%) of the burned area in extratropical intact forests currently stems from lightning and that these areas will probably experience 11 to 31\% more lightning per degree warming. Extratropical forests are of global importance for carbon storage. They currently experience high fire-related forest losses and have, per unit area, among the largest fire emissions on Earth. Future increases in lightning in intact forest may therefore compound the positive feedback loop between climate change and extratropical wildfires.},
	journaltitle = {Nature Geoscience},
	shortjournal = {Nat. Geosci.},
	author = {Janssen, Thomas A. J. and Jones, Matthew W. and Finney, Declan and van der Werf, Guido R. and van Wees, Dave and Xu, Wenxuan and Veraverbeke, Sander},
	urldate = {2023-11-27},
	date = {2023-11-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Extratropical forests increasingly at risk due to lightning fires.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\projects\\_chapter03\\docs\\papers\\Extratropical forests increasingly at risk due to lightning fires.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{franca_natural_nodate,
	title = {Natural fires occurences in the Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna): case study in the Emas National Park, Goias State, Brazil},
	abstract = {The Cerrado biome occupies 25\% of the Brazilian territory – approximately 2 million km2 – and both its geographical distribution and evolutionary history was largely determined by fire. Presently, the largest part of the burnings in the Cerrado are of human origin, and they occur during the dry season. Nevertheless natural burnings originated by lightning are seldom. The importance of these events in the ecological processes of the Cerrado has almost not been studied. A Geographic Information System and images of {CBERS}-2 satellite were used to map and quantify the natural burnings which occurred during the rainy season 2003-2004 in the Emas National Park ({ENP}). The lightning data was collected by the Integrated National Lightning Detection Network – {RINDAT}. During the 7 months of observation, 14 burnings were mapped, all of them originated by lightning, totalling 5,345 ha (4\% of the area from the {ENP}). The size of the burned areas varied between 1 and 1,759 ha, but in 6 areas the firebreaks influenced on the final dimensions. During the same time 973 cloud-toground lightning flashes were detected in the {ENP}, with a monthly maximum in October (237 lightning flashes, 24.4\% of the total). The lightning ignition efficiency was {\textasciitilde}1.4\%. The spatial analysis presented a higher probability density of lightning occurrence on the top of the plateau and a lower probability at the lower relief sections within the {ENP}. The results proved that natural burnings are frequent and that they can be important for the conservation of the remnants of Cerrado vegetation.},
	author = {França, Helena and Pereira, Alfredo and Jr, Osmar Pinto and Fernandes, Widinei Alves},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Natural fire occurrences in the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) - case study in the Emas National Park.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\Natural fire occurrences in the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) - case study in the Emas National Park.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{cattau_anthropogenic_2020,
	title = {Anthropogenic and lightning-started fires are becoming larger and more frequent over a longer season length in the {USA}},
	volume = {29},
	pages = {668--681},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
	author = {Cattau, Megan E and Wessman, Carol and Mahood, Adam and Balch, Jennifer K},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	file = {Anthropogenic and lightning‐started fires are becoming larger and more.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\projects\\_chapter03\\docs\\papers\\Anthropogenic and lightning‐started fires are becoming larger and more.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{pereira_identificacao_2005,
	title = {Identificação de queimadas naturais ocorridas no período chuvoso de 2003-2004 no Parque Nacional das Emas, Brasil, por meio de imagens dos sensores do satélite {CBERS}-2},
	pages = {3245--3252},
	journaltitle = {Anais {XII} Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, Goiânia, Brasil, {INPE}},
	author = {Pereira, Alfredo and França, Helena},
	date = {2005},
	file = {Identificação de queimadas naturais ocorridas no período chuvoso 2003-2004 no Parque nacional das Emas, Brasil.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\projects\\_chapter03\\docs\\papers\\Identificação de queimadas naturais ocorridas no período chuvoso 2003-2004 no Parque nacional das Emas, Brasil.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{giglio_modisterra_2021,
	title = {{MODIS}/Terra+ Aqua Burned Area Monthly L3 Global 500m {SIN} Grid V061},
	journaltitle = {{NASA} {EOSDIS} Land Processes {DAAC}: Washington, {DC}, {USA}},
	author = {Giglio, Luis and Justice, C and Boschetti, L and Roy, D},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{moris_global_2023,
	title = {A global database on holdover time of lightning-ignited wildfires},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1866-3516},
	url = {https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/1151/2023/},
	doi = {10.5194/essd-15-1151-2023},
	abstract = {Holdover ﬁres are usually associated with lightning-ignited wildﬁres ({LIWs}), which can experience a smoldering phase or go undetected for several hours, days or even weeks before being reported. Since the existence and duration of the smoldering combustion in {LIWs} is usually unknown, holdover time is conventionally deﬁned as the time between the lightning event that ignited the ﬁre and the time the ﬁre is detected. Therefore, all {LIWs} have an associated holdover time, which may range from a few minutes to several days. However, we lack a comprehensive understanding of holdover times. Here, we introduce a global database on holdover times of {LIWs}. We have collected holdover time data from 29 different studies across the world through a literature review and datasets assembled by authors of the original studies. The database is composed of three data ﬁles (censored data, non-censored data, ancillary data) and three metadata ﬁles (description of database variables, list of references, reproducible examples). Censored data are the core of the database and consist of different frequency distributions reporting the number or relative frequency of {LIWs} per interval of holdover time. In addition, ancillary data provide further information to understand the methods and contexts in which the data were generated in the original studies. The ﬁrst version of the database contains 42 frequency distributions of holdover time built with data on more than 152 375 {LIWs} from 13 countries in ﬁve continents covering a time span from 1921 to 2020. This database is the ﬁrst freely available, harmonized and ready-to-use global source of holdover time data, which may be used in different ways to investigate {LIWs} and model the holdover phenomenon. The complete database can be downloaded at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7352172 (Moris et al., 2022).},
	pages = {1151--1163},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Earth System Science Data},
	shortjournal = {Earth Syst. Sci. Data},
	author = {Moris, Jose V. and Álvarez-Álvarez, Pedro and Conedera, Marco and Dorph, Annalie and Hessilt, Thomas D. and Hunt, Hugh G. P. and Libonati, Renata and Menezes, Lucas S. and Müller, Mortimer M. and Pérez-Invernón, Francisco J. and Pezzatti, Gianni B. and Pineda, Nicolau and Scholten, Rebecca C. and Veraverbeke, Sander and Wotton, B. Mike and Ascoli, Davide},
	urldate = {2023-11-28},
	date = {2023-03-16},
	langid = {english},
	file = {A global database on holdover time of lightning-ignited wildfires.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\projects\\_chapter03\\docs\\papers\\A global database on holdover time of lightning-ignited wildfires.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inproceedings{martin_fires_1992,
	title = {Fires as agents of biodiversity: pyrodiversity promotes biodiversity},
	pages = {150--157},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the conference on biodiversity of northwest California ecosystems. Cooperative Extension, University of California, Berkeley},
	author = {Martin, Robert E and Sapsis, David B},
	date = {1992},
	file = {Fires as agents of biodiversity - pyrodiversity promotes biodiversity.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\tablet_20211213\\Fires as agents of biodiversity - pyrodiversity promotes biodiversity.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{gorelick_google_2017,
	title = {Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone},
	volume = {202},
	pages = {18--27},
	journaltitle = {Remote sensing of Environment},
	author = {Gorelick, Noel and Hancher, Matt and Dixon, Mike and Ilyushchenko, Simon and Thau, David and Moore, Rebecca},
	date = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@article{bosch_pylandstats_2019,
	title = {{PyLandStats}: An open-source Pythonic library to compute landscape metrics},
	volume = {14},
	pages = {e0225734},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {{PloS} one},
	author = {Bosch, Martí},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science San Francisco, {CA} {USA}},
}

@misc{noauthor_estimativas_nodate,
	title = {Estimativas da População do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística},
	url = {https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao/9103-estimativas-de-populacao.html},
}

@misc{noauthor_sistema_nodate,
	title = {Sistema {IBGE} de Recuperação Automática do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística},
	url = {https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/3939},
}

@article{scholes_tree-grass_1997,
	title = {Tree-grass interactions in savannas},
	volume = {28},
	pages = {517--544},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Annual review of Ecology and Systematics},
	author = {Scholes, Robert J and Archer, Steven R},
	date = {1997},
	note = {Publisher: Annual Reviews 4139 El Camino Way, {PO} Box 10139, Palo Alto, {CA} 94303-0139, {USA}},
}

@article{shlisky_fire_2007,
	title = {Fire, ecosystems and people: threats and strategies for global biodiversity conservation},
	pages = {1--17},
	journaltitle = {Arlington: The Nature Conservancy},
	author = {Shlisky, Ayn and Waugh, John and Gonzalez, Patrick and Gonzalez, Mauro and Manta, Maria and Santoso, Heru and Alvarado, Ernesto and Nuruddin, A Ainuddin and Rodríguez-Trejo, DA and Swaty, R and {others}},
	date = {2007},
}

@article{hantson_global_2015,
	title = {Global fire size distribution is driven by human impact and climate},
	volume = {24},
	pages = {77--86},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
	author = {Hantson, Stijn and Pueyo, Salvador and Chuvieco, Emilio},
	date = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	file = {Global ﬁre size distribution is driven by human impact and climate.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Global ﬁre size distribution is driven by human impact and climate.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{noauthor_estimativas_nodate-1,
	title = {Estimativas da População do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística},
	url = {https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao/9103-estimativas-de-populacao.html},
}

@misc{noauthor_sistema_nodate-1,
	title = {Sistema {IBGE} de Recuperação Automática do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística},
	url = {https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/3939},
}

@article{de_albuquerque_prado_expansao_2012,
	title = {Expansão de fronteira agrícola e mudanças no uso do solo na região sul de Goiás: ação antrópica e características naturais do espaço},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1984-8501},
	url = {http://www.revistas.ufg.br/index.php/bgg/article/view/18962},
	doi = {10.5216/bgg.v32i1.18962},
	shorttitle = {{EXPANSÃO} {DA} {FRONTEIRA} {AGRÍCOLA} E {MUDANÇAS} {NO} {USO} {DO} {SOLO} {NA} {REGIÃO} {SUL} {DE} {GOIÁS}},
	abstract = {This paper aims to a better understanding about the relationship between the natural and anthropic condition of the landscapes, showing in particular how it has conditioned the expansion of agricultural frontiers in the state of Goiás. Thus, we present a theoretical model that correlates the variables topography, soil types and location with the converted areas. Our tests were conducted at the municipalities of Mineiros and Catalão, placed in the southwest and southeast regions of this state, respectively. With historical Landsat – {MSS} imagery, we have applied a supervised classification method in order to create maps for the land use and land cover in the years 1975 (Mineiros) and 1979 (Catalão). Subsequently, these maps were compared with the cartographic data obtained by {PROBIO} dataset (Ministry of Environment, Brazil) for the year 2002. The results show agricultural areas are concentrated in regions of smoother topography, suitable soils, and proximity to the major highways that cross these municipalities.},
	pages = {151--165},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Boletim Goiano de Geografia},
	shortjournal = {{BGG}},
	author = {De Albuquerque Prado, Licius and Miziara, Fausto and Eduardo Ferreira, Manuel},
	urldate = {2023-12-29},
	date = {2012-06-15},
	langid = {portuguese},
	file = {Expansão da fronteira agrícola e evolução da ocupação e uso do espaço no Estado de Goiás subsídios à política ambiental.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\land-use\\Expansão da fronteira agrícola e evolução da ocupação e uso do espaço no Estado de Goiás subsídios à política ambiental.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{van_der_werf_global_2010,
	title = {Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009)},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1680-7324},
	url = {https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/10/11707/2010/},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010},
	abstract = {Abstract. New burned area datasets and top-down constraints from atmospheric concentration measurements of pyrogenic gases have decreased the large uncertainty in fire emissions estimates. However, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural waste, and peat fires to total global fire emissions. Here we used a revised version of the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach ({CASA}) biogeochemical model and improved satellite-derived estimates of area burned, fire activity, and plant productivity to calculate fire emissions for the 1997–2009 period on a 0.5° spatial resolution with a monthly time step. For November 2000 onwards, estimates were based on burned area, active fire detections, and plant productivity from the {MODerate} resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ({MODIS}) sensor. For the partitioning we focused on the {MODIS} era. We used maps of burned area derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ({TRMM}) Visible and Infrared Scanner ({VIRS}) and Along-Track Scanning Radiometer ({ATSR}) active fire data prior to {MODIS} (1997–2000) and estimates of plant productivity derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer ({AVHRR}) observations during the same period. Average global fire carbon emissions according to this version 3 of the Global Fire Emissions Database ({GFED}3) were 2.0 Pg C year−1 with significant interannual variability during 1997–2001 (2.8 Pg C year−1 in 1998 and 1.6 Pg C year−1 in 2001). Globally, emissions during 2002–2007 were relatively constant (around 2.1 Pg C year−1) before declining in 2008 (1.7 Pg C year−1) and 2009 (1.5 Pg C year−1) partly due to lower deforestation fire emissions in South America and tropical Asia. On a regional basis, emissions were highly variable during 2002–2007 (e.g., boreal Asia, South America, and Indonesia), but these regional differences canceled out at a global level. During the {MODIS} era (2001–2009), most carbon emissions were from fires in grasslands and savannas (44\%) with smaller contributions from tropical deforestation and degradation fires (20\%), woodland fires (mostly confined to the tropics, 16\%), forest fires (mostly in the extratropics, 15\%), agricultural waste burning (3\%), and tropical peat fires (3\%). The contribution from agricultural waste fires was likely a lower bound because our approach for measuring burned area could not detect all of these relatively small fires. Total carbon emissions were on average 13\% lower than in our previous ({GFED}2) work. For reduced trace gases such as {CO} and {CH}4, deforestation, degradation, and peat fires were more important contributors because of higher emissions of reduced trace gases per unit carbon combusted compared to savanna fires. Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation, degradation, and peatland fires were on average 0.5 Pg C year−1. The carbon emissions from these fires may not be balanced by regrowth following fire. Our results provide the first global assessment of the contribution of different sources to total global fire emissions for the past decade, and supply the community with an improved 13-year fire emissions time series.},
	pages = {11707--11735},
	number = {23},
	journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	shortjournal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
	author = {van der Werf, G. R. and Randerson, J. T. and Giglio, L. and Collatz, G. J. and Mu, M. and Kasibhatla, P. S. and Morton, D. C. and {DeFries}, R. S. and Jin, Y. and van Leeuwen, T. T.},
	urldate = {2023-12-29},
	date = {2010-12-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009).pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009).pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{breiman_random_2001,
	title = {Random forests Mach Learn 45 (1): 5–32},
	author = {Breiman, L},
	date = {2001},
}

@article{gelman_r-squared_2019,
	title = {R-squared for Bayesian Regression Models},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0003-1305, 1537-2731},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2018.1549100},
	doi = {10.1080/00031305.2018.1549100},
	abstract = {The usual deﬁnition of R2 (variance of the predicted values divided by the variance of the data) has a problem for Bayesian ﬁts, as the numerator can be larger than the denominator. We propose an alternative deﬁnition similar to one that has appeared in the survival analysis literature: the variance of the predicted values divided by the variance of predicted values plus the expected variance of the errors.},
	pages = {307--309},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {The American Statistician},
	shortjournal = {The American Statistician},
	author = {Gelman, Andrew and Goodrich, Ben and Gabry, Jonah and Vehtari, Aki},
	urldate = {2024-01-31},
	date = {2019-07-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {R-squared for Bayesian regression models.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\statistics\\R-squared for Bayesian regression models.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{pearl_causal_2016,
	title = {Causal inference in statistics: A primer},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Pearl, Judea and Glymour, Madelyn and Jewell, Nicholas P},
	date = {2016},
}

@book{mcelreath_statistical_2018,
	title = {Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan},
	publisher = {Chapman and Hall/{CRC}},
	author = {{McElreath}, Richard},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{larjavaara_lightning_2005,
	title = {Lightning that ignites forest fires in Finland},
	volume = {132},
	issn = {01681923},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168192305001371},
	doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.07.005},
	abstract = {We studied probabilities that lightning strokes ignite a forest ﬁre. Lightning location data from 1998 to 2002 was used. Flashes were grouped into thunderstorms based on their closeness both in time and space. Information on location, time of ignition and cause of all forest ﬁres as recorded by chiefs of local ﬁre brigades during this 5-year period were also used. Fires judged to be ignited by lightning were linked to strokes occurring within 10 km and 50 h of ignition. The probability that a stroke had ignited a particular ﬁre was computed based on the distance between the two in time and space and on the number of other strokes that might have ignited the same ﬁre. Our results show that positive and negative strokes ignite with equal probability. Increasing number of strokes per ﬂash, hereafter referred to as ‘‘multiplicity’’ of ﬂashes tended to decrease ignition probability of a stroke. Strokes in long-lasting and intense thunderstorms are less likely to cause ignition than strokes in local, small-scale thunderstorms. Our results clearly contradict those of earlier North American studies that suggest that long continuing current associated with positive ﬂashes and negative ﬂashes of high multiplicity are needed for ignition. Our results may ﬁnd use in forecasting or nowcasting lightening-caused forest ﬁre ignitions in Finland, and lead to the development of a similar methodology for testing and use elsewhere.},
	pages = {171--180},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
	shortjournal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
	author = {Larjavaara, M. and Pennanen, J. and Tuomi, T.J.},
	urldate = {2024-02-08},
	date = {2005-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Lightning that ignites forest fires in Finland.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\Lightning that ignites forest fires in Finland.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{moris_lightning-caused_2020,
	title = {Lightning-caused fires in the Alps: Identifying the igniting strokes},
	volume = {290},
	issn = {01681923},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168192320300927},
	doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.107990},
	shorttitle = {Lightning-caused fires in the Alps},
	abstract = {Lightning is the most important natural wildfire ignition source worldwide. However, identifying the specific lightning causing a forest fire is a challenging task. The goal of this study is to understand how different methodological approaches affect the association between igniting lightning and natural fires. To this purpose, we combined data on 267 lightning-caused forest fires from Switzerland with data on cloud-to-ground lightning strokes for the period 2000–2018. We searched for the most probable igniting lightning (candidate) among all lightning that occur during the days (up to two weeks) before fire detection in the vicinity ({\textless} 10 km) of the ignition point. We tested the suitability of 14 methods that combine different spatio-temporal approaches and selection criteria. Our results show that each method selected different candidate lightning for a subset of the fires, while for other fires identical candidate lightning were selected by different methods. Methods using criteria that combine simultaneously space and time, such as the index A, selected candidate lightning with short distances from the ignition points and short holdover times (i.e., the time between ignition and fire detection). On the contrary, methods that minimize the holdover time selected a great proportion of candidate lightning located at long distances. The majority of the candidate lighting were recorded within 1 km from the fire starting point and in less than 24 h before fire detection. The proportion of positive strokes was significantly higher among candidate lightning than in the rest of lightning, which supports the hypothesis that positive lightning are more likely to ignite a forest fire than negative ones. This study highlights the importance of the methodological choice when searching for the candidate igniting lightning of a wildfire.},
	pages = {107990},
	journaltitle = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
	shortjournal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
	author = {Moris, Jose V. and Conedera, Marco and Nisi, Luca and Bernardi, Marina and Cesti, Giancarlo and Pezzatti, Gianni Boris},
	urldate = {2024-02-08},
	date = {2020-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Lightning-caused fires in the Alps Identifying the igniting strokes.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\Lightning-caused fires in the Alps Identifying the igniting strokes.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{perez-invernon_lightning-ignited_2021,
	title = {Lightning-ignited wildfires and long continuing current lightning in the Mediterranean Basin: preferential meteorological conditions},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1680-7324},
	url = {https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/17529/2021/},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-21-17529-2021},
	shorttitle = {Lightning-ignited wildfires and long continuing current lightning in the Mediterranean Basin},
	abstract = {Lightning is the major cause of the natural ignition of wildﬁres worldwide and produces the largest wildﬁres in some regions. Lightning strokes produce about 5 \% of forest ﬁres in the Mediterranean Basin and are one of the most important precursors of the largest forest ﬁres during the summer. Lightning-ignited wildﬁres produce signiﬁcant emissions of aerosols, black carbon, and trace gases, such as {CO}, {SO}2, {CH}4, and O3, affecting air quality. Characterization of the meteorological and cloud conditions of lightningignited wildﬁres in the Mediterranean Basin can serve to improve ﬁre forecasting models and to upgrade the implementation of ﬁre emissions in atmospheric models.},
	pages = {17529--17557},
	number = {23},
	journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	shortjournal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
	author = {Pérez-Invernón, Francisco J. and Huntrieser, Heidi and Soler, Sergio and Gordillo-Vázquez, Francisco J. and Pineda, Nicolau and Navarro-González, Javier and Reglero, Víctor and Montanyà, Joan and van der Velde, Oscar and Koutsias, Nikos},
	urldate = {2024-02-08},
	date = {2021-12-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Lightning-ignited wildfires and long continuing current lightning in the Mediterranean Basin preferential meteorological conditions.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\Lightning-ignited wildfires and long continuing current lightning in the Mediterranean Basin preferential meteorological conditions.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{kharuk_lightning-ignited_2023,
	title = {Lightning-Ignited Wildfires beyond the Polar Circle},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {2073-4433},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/6/957},
	doi = {10.3390/atmos14060957},
	abstract = {Warming-driven lightning frequency increases may inﬂuence the burning rate within the circumpolar Arctic and inﬂuence vegetation productivity ({GPP}). We considered wildﬁre occurrence within the different Arctic sectors (Russian, North American, and Scandinavian). We used satellitederived ({MODIS}) data to document changes in the occurrence and geographic extent of wildﬁres and vegetation productivity. Correlation analysis was used to determine environmental variables (lightning occurrence, air temperature, precipitation, soil and terrestrial moisture content) associated with a change in wildﬁres. Within the Arctic, the majority ({\textgreater}75\%) of wildﬁres occurred in Russia (and ca. 65\% in Eastern Siberia). We found that lightning occurrence increase and moisture are primary factors that meditate the ﬁre frequency in the Arctic. Throughout the Arctic, warmingdriven lightning inﬂuences ﬁre occurrence observed mainly in Eastern Siberia ({\textgreater}40\% of explained variance). Similar values (ca. 40\%) at the scale of Eurasia and the entire Arctic are attributed to Eastern Siberia input. Driving by increased lightning and warming, the ﬁres’ occurrence boundary is shifting northward and already reached the Arctic Ocean coast in Eastern Siberia. The boundary’s extreme shifts synchronized with air temperature extremes (heat waves). Despite the increased burning rate, vegetation productivity rapidly (5–10 y) recovered to pre-ﬁre levels within burns. Together with increasing {GPP} trends throughout the Arctic, that may offset ﬁres-caused carbon release and maintain the status of the Arctic as a carbon sink.},
	pages = {957},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Atmosphere},
	shortjournal = {Atmosphere},
	author = {Kharuk, Viacheslav I. and Dvinskaya, Maria L. and Golyukov, Alexey S. and Im, Sergei T. and Stalmak, Anastasia V.},
	urldate = {2024-02-08},
	date = {2023-05-30},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Lightning-Ignited Wildfires beyond the Polar Circle.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\Lightning-Ignited Wildfires beyond the Polar Circle.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{perez-invernon_variation_2023,
	title = {Variation of lightning-ignited wildfire patterns under climate change},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36500-5},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-023-36500-5},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Lightning is the main precursor of natural wildfires and Long-Continuing-Current ({LCC}) lightning flashes are proposed to be the main igniters of lightning-ignited wildfires ({LIW}). Previous studies predict a change of the global occurrence rate and spatial pattern of total lightning. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of lightning-ignited wildfire occurrence to climate change is uncertain. Here, we investigate space-based measurements of {LCC} lightning associated with lightning ignitions and present {LCC} lightning projections under the Representative Concentration Pathway {RCP}6.0 for the 2090s by applying a recent {LCC} lightning parameterization based on the updraft strength in thunderstorms. We find a 41\% global increase of the {LCC} lightning flash rate. Increases are largest in South America, the western coast of North America, Central America, Australia, Southern and Eastern Asia, and Europe, while only regional variations are found in northern polar forests, where fire risk can affect permafrost soil carbon release. These results show that lightning schemes including {LCC} lightning are needed to project the occurrence of lightning-ignited wildfires under climate change.},
	pages = {739},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
	shortjournal = {Nat Commun},
	author = {Pérez-Invernón, Francisco J. and Gordillo-Vázquez, Francisco J. and Huntrieser, Heidi and Jöckel, Patrick},
	urldate = {2024-02-08},
	date = {2023-02-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Variation of lightning-ignited wildfire patterns under climate change.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\Variation of lightning-ignited wildfire patterns under climate change.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{larjavaara_spatial_2005,
	title = {Spatial distribution of lightning-ignited forest fires in Finland},
	volume = {208},
	issn = {03781127},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112704008424},
	doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2004.12.005},
	abstract = {We examined the spatial and temporal distribution of forest ﬁres ignited by lightning in Finland. The study was based on all reported lightning-ignited forest ﬁres in Finland for the years from 1985 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2001. There was a strong decreasing gradient in the density of reported lightning-ignited forest ﬁres from south to north, ranging from ca. 0.1 ﬁres/ (year 100 km2) on the southern coast to less than 0.01 ﬁres/(year 100 km2) in the northern Finland. The mean date of reported ignitions was 10 July. A method was developed to estimate the density of unreported lightning-ignited forest ﬁres. Their proportion varied from 70\% of all lightning-ignited forest ﬁres in the most sparsely populated municipalities to 63\% in the most densely populated rural municipality. The results about the density of reported and estimation of unreported lightning-ignited forest ﬁres indicate that forests in southern Finland would naturally have notably shorter ﬁre intervals than forests in the northern parts of the country. This variability in natural ﬁre regime characteristics suggests that, different forest management and silvicultural approaches should be applied for the maintenance of natural forest structures, processes and biodiversity in different parts of Finland.},
	pages = {177--188},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	shortjournal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Larjavaara, Markku and Kuuluvainen, Timo and Rita, Hannu},
	urldate = {2024-02-08},
	date = {2005-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Spatial distribution of lightning-ignited forest fires in Finland.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\Spatial distribution of lightning-ignited forest fires in Finland.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{schumacher_characteristics_2022,
	title = {Characteristics of lightning-caused wildfires in central Brazil in relation to cloud-ground and dry lightning},
	abstract = {Lightning ignition is the major cause of natural wildfires in several regions worldwide. Determining if wildfires in remote uncontrolled areas result from natural lightning as opposed to anthropic action is a relevant and yetunsolved challenge for large regions of the planet, with scientific and management implications ranging from environmental conservation to mitigation of climate-related emissions of gases and aerosols. Brazil is the country with one of the highest occurrences of lightning (50 to 100 million/year) and which is also subject to numerous and vast wildfires (up to {\textasciitilde}600 × 103 km2/year) affecting all its biomes. To quantify natural fires we combined cloud-to-ground ({CG}) lightning and {CG} dry-lightning ({CGDL}) detected by a ground network, with fire pixels mapped by satellite remote sensing ({AQUA}, S-{NPP} and {NOAA}-20) over {\textasciitilde}1,8 × 106 km2 in Central Brazil, be­ tween 2015 to 2019. Lightning ignition candidates were selected based on the distance between fires and lightning in time and space. The selected cases were investigated according to annual and monthly distributions in space and time, to local weather at the time of occurrence and, electrical characteristics related to ignition. Space-time distributions of {CG} lightning, {CGDL} and of active fires were also analyzed. Results showed that the {CGDLs} pattern is not different from that of the overall {CG} lightning, with both presenting similar kernel density, polarity and peak current. The lightning candidates indicated predominance of negative polarity and peak current frequency below 20 {kA}. In this range, average values for weather conditions for {CG} lightning matched to fires ({CGDL} matched to fires) had: precipitation 6 mm ({\textless} 1 mm), relative humidity 57 \% (48 \%), and temper­ ature {\textasciitilde}30◦C and wind speed of {\textasciitilde} 2 m.s− 1 for both. The results showed that satellite detection of active fires is a useful tool to identify lightning-induced wildfires.},
	journaltitle = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
	author = {Schumacher, Vanúcia},
	date = {2022},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Characteristics of lightning-caused wildfires in central Brazil in relation to cloud-ground and dry lightning.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\Characteristics of lightning-caused wildfires in central Brazil in relation to cloud-ground and dry lightning.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{menezes_lightning_2022,
	title = {Lightning patterns in the Pantanal: Untangling natural and anthropogenic-induced wildfires},
	journaltitle = {Science of the Total Environment},
	author = {Menezes, Lucas S and de Oliveira, Aline M. and Santos, F. L. M. and Russo, Ana and de Souza, Rodrigo A. F. and Roque, Fabio O. and Libonati, Renata},
	date = {2022},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Lightning patterns in the Pantanal - untangling natural and anthropogenic-induced wildfires.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\Lightning patterns in the Pantanal - untangling natural and anthropogenic-induced wildfires.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{hessilt_future_2022,
	title = {Future increases in lightning ignition efficiency and wildfire occurrence expected from drier fuels in boreal forest ecosystems of western North America},
	journaltitle = {Environ. Res. Lett.},
	author = {Hessilt, Thomas D and Abatzoglou, John T and Chen, Yang and Randerson, James T and Scholten, Rebecca C},
	date = {2022},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Future increases in lightning ignition efficiency and wildfire occurrence expected from drier fuels in boreal forest ecosystems of western North America.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\Future increases in lightning ignition efficiency and wildfire occurrence expected from drier fuels in boreal forest ecosystems of western North America.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{vieira_reviewing_2022,
	title = {Reviewing the Cerrado's limits, flora distribution patterns, and conservation status for policy decisions},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {02648377},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264837722000655},
	doi = {10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106038},
	abstract = {The Cerrado contains a wide variety of vegetation types, and it is known for its high biodiversity but is highly threatened. We review the changes through time of geographical limits, studies on flora distribution patterns, and conservation status of Cerrado. Even with advances in technology, only the first government official map of Cerrado in 1993 included disjunct cerrado vegetations, that is, cerrado enclaves in other phytogeographic do­ mains. The lack of cerrado enclaves delimiting and changes of geographical limits of Cerrado affects the land regulations because Brazilian government programs, or even laws, can be specific to a phytogeographic domain. Cerrado flora distribution presented a consistent pattern among studies along time, in which different regions show high similarity in their floristic composition, namely Biogeographic Districts ({BD}). We need conservation actions in each {BD}, since protected areas and deforestation rates are uneven among the {BDs}. Today, only 8.36\% of cerrado are in Conservations Units ({CU}), far from the goal of 17\% by 2020. Only 6.51\% of cerrado are Indigenous Lands ({IL}). Both protected areas ({CU} and {IL}) have practically not increased since 2009. Discounting area overlapped, only 14.41\% of Cerrado territory is in Protected Areas. The clear-cut deforested area reached 49.9\% of Cerrado in 2019. From 2016–2019, the average annual deforestation rate is proportionally 78\% higher than in Amazon. In recent years, the higher deforestation rates are in the states of North and Northeast of Brazil. We need strategic plans to conserve areas in all Biogeographic Districts, including disjunct cerrado areas, and think out how to reduce deforestation rates and promote sustainability actions.},
	pages = {106038},
	journaltitle = {Land Use Policy},
	shortjournal = {Land Use Policy},
	author = {Vieira, Leandro T.A. and Azevedo, Thaís N. and Castro, Antonio A.J.F. and Martins, Fernando R.},
	urldate = {2024-02-21},
	date = {2022-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Reviewing the Cerrado's limits, flora distribution patterns, and conservation status for policy decisions.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\Reviewing the Cerrado's limits, flora distribution patterns, and conservation status for policy decisions.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{hofmann_changes_2023,
	title = {Changes in atmospheric circulation and evapotranspiration are reducing rainfall in the Brazilian Cerrado},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-38174-x},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-38174-x},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Here we analyze the trends of rainfall and the frequency of rainy days over the Brazilian Cerrado between 1960 and 2021 in four distinct periods according to the seasonal patterns over the region. We also evaluated trends in evapotranspiration, atmospheric pressure, winds, and atmospheric humidity over the Cerrado to elucidate the possible reasons for the detected trends. We recorded a significant reduction in rainfall and frequency of rainy days in the northern and central Cerrado regions for all periods except at the beginning of the dry season. The most pronounced negative trends were recorded during the dry season and the beginning of the wet season, where we recorded reductions of up to 50\% in total rainfall and the number of rainy days. These findings are associated with the intensification of the South Atlantic Subtropical Anticyclone, which has been shifting atmospheric circulation and raising regional subsidence. Moreover, during the dry season and the beginning of the wet season, there was a reduction in regional evapotranspiration, which also potentially contributed to the rainfall reduction. Our results suggest an expansion and intensification of the dry season in the region, potentially bringing broad environmental and social impacts that transcend the Cerrado boundaries.},
	pages = {11236},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
	shortjournal = {Sci Rep},
	author = {Hofmann, G. S. and Silva, R. C. and Weber, E. J. and Barbosa, A. A. and Oliveira, L. F. B. and Alves, R. J. V. and Hasenack, H. and Schossler, V. and Aquino, F. E. and Cardoso, M. F.},
	urldate = {2024-02-21},
	date = {2023-07-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Changes in atmospheric circulation and evapotranspiration are reducing rainfall in the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\Changes in atmospheric circulation and evapotranspiration are reducing rainfall in the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{oliveira-filho_neotroptree_2017,
	title = {{NeoTropTree}, Flora arbórea da Região Neotropical: Um banco de dados envolvendo biogeografia, diversidade e conservação},
	journaltitle = {Univ. Fed. Minas Gerais. Available online at: http://www. neotroptree. info (Accessed October 1, 2017)},
	author = {Oliveira-Filho, {AT} de},
	date = {2017},
}

@article{ibge_biomas_2019,
	title = {Biomas e Sistema Costeiro-Marinho do Brasil},
	volume = {45},
	journaltitle = {Série Relatórios Metodológicos},
	author = {{IBGE}, {CDRN} and Ambientais, Estudos},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{ibge_mapa_1993,
	title = {Mapa de vegetação do Brasil},
	journaltitle = {Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística-{IBGE}},
	author = {{IBGE}, {USGS}},
	date = {1993},
	note = {Publisher: Rio de Janeiro Brasil},
}

@article{olson_terrestrial_2001,
	title = {Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth: A new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity},
	volume = {51},
	pages = {933--938},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {{BioScience}},
	author = {Olson, David M and Dinerstein, Eric and Wikramanayake, Eric D and Burgess, Neil D and Powell, George VN and Underwood, Emma C and D'amico, Jennifer A and Itoua, Illanga and Strand, Holly E and Morrison, John C and {others}},
	date = {2001},
	note = {Publisher: American Institute of Biological Sciences},
}

@article{keeley_reexamining_1999,
	title = {Reexamining Fire Suppression Impacts on Brushland Fire Regimes},
	volume = {284},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.284.5421.1829},
	doi = {10.1126/science.284.5421.1829},
	abstract = {California shrubland wildfires are increasingly destructive, and it is widely held that the problem has been intensified by fire suppression, leading to larger, more intense wildfires. However, analysis of the California Statewide Fire History Database shows that, since 1910, fire frequency and area burned have not declined, and fire size has not increased. Fire rotation intervals have declined, and fire season has not changed, implying that fire intensity has not increased. Fire frequency and population density were correlated, and it is suggested that fire suppression plays a critical role in offsetting potential impacts of increased ignitions. Large fires were not dependent on old age classes of fuels, and it is thus unlikely that age class manipulation of fuels can prevent large fires. Expansion of the urban-wildland interface is a key factor in wildland fire destruction.},
	pages = {1829--1832},
	number = {5421},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	shortjournal = {Science},
	author = {Keeley, Jon E. and Fotheringham, C. J. and Morais, Marco},
	urldate = {2024-02-28},
	date = {1999-06-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Keeley et al. - 1999 - Reexamining Fire Suppression Impacts on Brushland .pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\EPFSVP9S\\Keeley et al. - 1999 - Reexamining Fire Suppression Impacts on Brushland .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{de_carvalho_how_2023,
	title = {How does the fire regime change after creating a protected area in the Brazilian Cerrado?},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {16171381},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138122001911},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126318},
	abstract = {Fire is a natural factor maintaining biodiversity and several ecological processes. The Brazilian Cerrado, considered the savanna with the highest biodiversity, is characterized by climatic seasonality, vegetation mosaics and topographic variations that together with fire determine its different plant physiognomies. The Chapada das Mesas National Park ({CMNP}), located in the south of the state of Maranh˜ao (Brazil), has different savanna plant physiognomies with high ecological potential and archaeological and water wealth. The aim of the present study was to reconstruct the fire history over 28 years for the park and its surroundings (20 km buffer area), endeavouring to understand the impact of the creation of this National Park on its fire regime. Landsat satellite images were used from the {TM}, {ETM} + and {OLI} sensors to map the fire scars, which were identified and vec­ torized manually. The database created was used to analyze the total annual burned area, burned area per­ centage, density ignition, mean burn scar area and fire frequency during the mapped period. In total, 86 \% of the {CMNP} was burn at least once between 1990 and 2017, while 72 \% of the buffer area was burn. The creation of the park had significant effects on the density ignition when the periods before (1990–2005) and after (2006–2017) its creation were compared, and showed no significant effects on total annual area burned and average burn scar area. Despite the amount of burned area over time did not change significantly between the years before and after, the main change was observed in the fire seasonality after the creation of the park. In the park, 38 \% of the area had a frequency of burn areas higher than ten times in the 28-year interval while 13 \% of the buffer area was burn more than 10 times. In contrast, 23 \% and 15 \% had a fire frequency of 2 to 4 times on the buffer and the park respectively. Although the park was created to mitigate the human impacts of fire, the geographic isolation, the current occupation of the park by local populations and the pressure from agricultural expansion in the surroundings are influencing these conservation measures. Understanding the spatial–temporal distribution of fire in protected areas of the Cerrado contributes to improving management, preservation and conservation actions, so that in future studies other factors can be included to better understand the dynamic of fire occurrence in the region of the {CMNP} and in other protected areas of the Cerrado.},
	pages = {126318},
	journaltitle = {Journal for Nature Conservation},
	shortjournal = {Journal for Nature Conservation},
	author = {de Carvalho, Izadora S. and Alvarado, Swanni T. and Sanna Freire Silva, Thiago and Leandro de Oliveira Cordeiro, Carlos and Fidelis, Alessandra and Valéria Carvalho Saraiva, Raysa and A.M.M.A. Figueiredo, Fábio and Roberto P. de Sousa, José and Massi Ferraz, Tiago},
	urldate = {2024-02-29},
	date = {2023-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {How does the fire regime change after creating a protected area in the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\How does the fire regime change after creating a protected area in the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{perez-invernon_meteorological_2022,
	title = {Meteorological Conditions Associated with Lightning Ignited Fires and Long-Continuing-Current Lightning in Arizona, New Mexico and Florida},
	volume = {5},
	rights = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {2571-6255},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/5/4/96},
	doi = {10.3390/fire5040096},
	abstract = {Lightning is the main precursor of wildﬁres in Arizona, New Mexico, and Florida during the ﬁre season. Forecasting the occurrence of Lightning-Ignited Wildﬁres ({LIW}) is an essential tool to reduce their impacts on the environment and society. Long-Continuing-Current ({LCC}) lightning is proposed to be the main precursor of {LIW}. The long-lasting continuing current phase of {LCC} lightning is that which is more likely to ignite vegetation. We investigated the meteorological conditions and vegetation type associated with {LIW} and {LCC} lightning ﬂashes in Arizona, New Mexico, and Florida. We analyzed {LIW} between 2009 and 2013 and {LCC} lightning between 1998 and 2014 and combined lightning and meteorological data from a reanalysis data set. According to our results, {LIW} tend to occur during dry thunderstorms with a high surface temperature and a high temperature gradient between the 700 {hPa} and the 450 {hPa} vertical levels for high-based clouds. In turn, we obtained a high lightning-ignition efﬁciency in coniferous forests, such as the ponderosa pine in Arizona and New Mexico and the slash pine in Florida. We found that the meteorological conditions that favor ﬁre ignition and spread are more signiﬁcant in Florida than in Arizona and New Mexico, while the meteorological conditions that favor the occurrence of {LIW} in Arizona and New Mexico are closely related with the meteorological conditions that favor high lightning activity. In turn, our results indicate high atmospheric instability during the occurrence of {LIW}. Our ﬁndings suggest that {LCC} ({\textgreater}18 ms) lightning tends to occur in thunderstorms with high relative humidity and ice content in the clouds, and with low temperature in the entire troposphere. Additionally, a weak updraft in the lower troposphere and a strong one in the upper troposphere favor the occurrence of {LCC} ({\textgreater}18 ms) lightning. We found that the meteorological conditions that favor the occurrence of {LCC} ({\textgreater}18 ms) lightning are not necessarily the preferential meteorological conditions for {LIW}.},
	pages = {96},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Fire},
	shortjournal = {Fire},
	author = {Pérez-Invernón, Francisco J. and Huntrieser, Heidi and Moris, Jose V.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	date = {2022-07-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Meteorological Conditions Associated with Lightning Ignited fires and long-continuing-current lightning in Arizona, New Mexico and Florida.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\Meteorological Conditions Associated with Lightning Ignited fires and long-continuing-current lightning in Arizona, New Mexico and Florida.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{dorph_modelling_2022,
	title = {Modelling ignition probability for human- and lightning-caused wildfires in Victoria, Australia},
	volume = {22},
	rights = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {1684-9981},
	url = {https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/22/3487/2022/},
	doi = {10.5194/nhess-22-3487-2022},
	abstract = {Wildﬁres pose a signiﬁcant risk to people and property, which is expected to grow with urban expansion into ﬁre-prone landscapes and climate change causing increases in ﬁre extent, severity and frequency. Identifying spatial patterns associated with wildﬁre activity is important for assessing the potential impacts of wildﬁres on human life, property and other values. Here, we model the probability of ﬁre ignitions in vegetation across Victoria, Australia, to determine the key drivers of human- and lightning-caused wildﬁre ignitions. In particular, we extend previous research to consider the role that fuel moisture has in predicting ignition probability while accounting for environmental and local conditions previously identiﬁed as important. We used Random Forests to test the effect of variables measuring infrastructure, topography, climate, fuel and soil moisture, ﬁre history, and local weather conditions to investigate what factors drove ignition probability for human- and lightning-caused ignitions. Human-caused ignitions were predominantly inﬂuenced by measures of infrastructure and local weather. Lightning-sourced ignitions were driven by fuel moisture, average annual rainfall and local weather. Both humanand lightning-caused ignitions were inﬂuenced by dead fuel moisture with ignitions more likely to occur when dead fuel moisture dropped below 20 \%. In future, these models of ignition probability may be used to produce spatial likelihood maps, which will improve our models of future wildﬁre risk and enable land managers to better allocate resources to areas of increased ﬁre risk during the ﬁre season.},
	pages = {3487--3499},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.},
	author = {Dorph, Annalie and Marshall, Erica and Parkins, Kate A. and Penman, Trent D.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	date = {2022-10-24},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Modelling ignition probability for human- and lightning-caused wildires in Victoria, Australia.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\Modelling ignition probability for human- and lightning-caused wildires in Victoria, Australia.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{lapola_drivers_2023,
	title = {The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation},
	volume = {379},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abp8622},
	doi = {10.1126/science.abp8622},
	abstract = {Approximately 2.5 × 106 square kilometers of the Amazon forest are currently degraded by fire, edge effects, timber extraction, and/or extreme drought, representing 38\% of all remaining forests in the region. Carbon emissions from this degradation total up to 0.2 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year−1), which is equivalent to, if not greater than, the emissions from Amazon deforestation (0.06 to 0.21 Pg C year−1). Amazon forest degradation can reduce dry-season evapotranspiration by up to 34\% and cause as much biodiversity loss as deforestation in human-modified landscapes, generating uneven socioeconomic burdens, mainly to forest dwellers. Projections indicate that degradation will remain a dominant source of carbon emissions independent of deforestation rates. Policies to tackle degradation should be integrated with efforts to curb deforestation and complemented with innovative measures addressing the disturbances that degrade the Amazon forest. The Amazon rainforest is a biodiversity hotspot under threat from ongoing land conversion and climate change. Two Analytical Reviews in this issue synthesize data on forest loss and degradation in the Amazon basin, providing a clearer picture of its current status and future prospects. Albert et al. reviewed the drivers of change in the Amazon and show that anthropogenic changes are occurring much faster than naturally occurring environmental changes of the past. Although deforestation has been widely documented in the Amazon, degradation is also having major impacts on biodiversity and carbon storage. Lapola et al. synthesized the drivers and outcomes of Amazon forest degradation from timber extraction and habitat fragmentation, fires, and drought. —{BEL} Two Reviews spotlight the threats of ongoing deforestation and degradation in the Amazon.},
	pages = {eabp8622},
	number = {6630},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	author = {Lapola, David M. and Pinho, Patricia and Barlow, Jos and Aragão, Luiz E. O. C. and Berenguer, Erika and Carmenta, Rachel and Liddy, Hannah M. and Seixas, Hugo and Silva, Camila V. J. and Silva-Junior, Celso H. L. and Alencar, Ane A. C. and Anderson, Liana O. and Armenteras, Dolors and Brovkin, Victor and Calders, Kim and Chambers, Jeffrey and Chini, Louise and Costa, Marcos H. and Faria, Bruno L. and Fearnside, Philip M. and Ferreira, Joice and Gatti, Luciana and Gutierrez-Velez, Victor Hugo and Han, Zhangang and Hibbard, Kathleen and Koven, Charles and Lawrence, Peter and Pongratz, Julia and Portela, Bruno T. T. and Rounsevell, Mark and Ruane, Alex C. and Schaldach, Rüdiger and Silva, Sonaira S. da and Randow, Celso von and Walker, Wayne S.},
	date = {2023},
	note = {\_eprint: https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.abp8622},
}

@article{pinto_deep_2020,
	title = {A deep learning approach for mapping and dating burned areas using temporal sequences of satellite images},
	volume = {160},
	issn = {09242716},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924271619303089},
	doi = {10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2019.12.014},
	abstract = {Over the past decades, methods for burned areas mapping and dating from remote sensing imagery have been the object of extensive research. The limitations of current methods, together with the heavy pre-processing of input data they require, make them difficult to improve or apply to different satellite sensors. Here, we explore a deep learning approach based on daily sequences of multi-spectral images, as a promising and flexible technique that can be applicable to observations with various spatial and spectral resolutions. We test the proposed model for five regions around the globe using input data from {VIIRS} 750 m bands resampled to a 0.01° spatial resolution grid. The derived burned areas are validated against higher resolution reference maps and compared with the {MCD}64A1 Collection 6 and {FireCCI}51 global burned area datasets. We show that the proposed methodology achieves competitive results in the task of burned areas mapping, despite using lower spatial resolution observations than the two global datasets. Furthermore, we improve the task of burned areas dating for the considered regions of study when compared with state-of-the-art products. We also show that our model can be used to map burned areas for low burned fraction levels and that it can operate in near-real-time, converging to the final solution in only a few days. The obtained results are a strong indication of the advantage of deep learning approaches for the problem of mapping and dating of burned areas and provide several routes for future research.},
	pages = {260--274},
	journaltitle = {{ISPRS} Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
	shortjournal = {{ISPRS} Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
	author = {Pinto, Miguel M. and Libonati, Renata and Trigo, Ricardo M. and Trigo, Isabel F. and {DaCamara}, Carlos C.},
	urldate = {2024-07-10},
	date = {2020-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {A deep learning approach for mapping and dating burned areas using temporal sequences of satellite images.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\A deep learning approach for mapping and dating burned areas using temporal sequences of satellite images.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{segura-garcia_human_2024,
	title = {Human land occupation regulates the effect of the climate on the burned area of the Brazilian Cerrado},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2662-4435},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01521-5},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-024-01521-5},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Human activities and climate change are transforming fire regimes globally. The interaction between these two drivers is poorly understood, yet critical if we aim at predicting how biomes will respond to novel fire regimes. In the Brazilian Cerrado, altered fire regimes are threatening its unique biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Here, using geospatial data for the period 1985-2020 and a causal inference framework to design Bayesian statistical models, we demonstrate that a larger human presence in the landscape (≥40\% land-use area) reduces the Cerrado’s burned area and hinders its responsiveness to climate; while climatic effects only become apparent in landscapes with little human presence, where hotter and drier conditions increase burned area. Finally, we find spatially heterogeneous burned area trends over time, with increases associated to climate change in landscapes that have remained mostly intact, and decreases caused by anthropic expansion. Both diverging trends have important implications for the conservation of the Cerrado as land-use expansion and climate change continue to unfold.},
	pages = {361},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Communications Earth \& Environment},
	shortjournal = {Commun Earth Environ},
	author = {Segura-Garcia, Carlota and Bauman, David and S. Arruda, Vera L. and C. Alencar, Ane A. and Oliveras Menor, Imma},
	urldate = {2024-07-22},
	date = {2024-07-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Human land occupation regulates the effect of the climate on the burned area of the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Human land occupation regulates the effect of the climate on the burned area of the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{center_for_international_earth_science_information_network-ciesin_-_columbia_university_gridded_2016,
	title = {Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 ({GPWv}4): Population Density},
	abstract = {The Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 ({GPWv}4) Population Density consists of estimates of human population density based on counts consistent with national censuses and population registers, for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. A proportional allocation gridding algorithm, utilizing approximately 12.5 million national and sub-national administrative units, is used to assign population values to 30 arc-second ( 1 km) grid cells. The population density grids are derived by dividing the population count grids by the land area grids. The pixel values represent persons per square kilometer.},
	publisher = {Palisades, {NY}: {NASA} Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center ({SEDAC})},
	author = {{Center for International Earth Science Information Network-CIESIN - Columbia University}},
	date = {2016},
}

@article{simon_recent_2009,
	title = {Recent assembly of the Cerrado, a neotropical plant diversity hotspot, by in situ evolution of adaptations to fire},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0903410106},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0903410106},
	abstract = {The relative importance of local ecological and larger-scale historical processes in causing differences in species richness across the globe remains keenly debated. To gain insight into these questions, we investigated the assembly of plant diversity in the Cerrado in South America, the world's most species-rich tropical savanna. Time-calibrated phylogenies suggest that Cerrado lineages started to diversify less than 10 Mya, with most lineages diversifying at 4 Mya or less, coinciding with the rise to dominance of flammable C4 grasses and expansion of the savanna biome worldwide. These plant phylogenies show that Cerrado lineages are strongly associated with adaptations to fire and have sister groups in largely fire-free nearby wet forest, seasonally dry forest, subtropical grassland, or wetland vegetation. These findings imply that the Cerrado formed in situ via recent and frequent adaptive shifts to resist fire, rather than via dispersal of lineages already adapted to fire. The location of the Cerrado surrounded by a diverse array of species-rich biomes, and the apparently modest adaptive barrier posed by fire, are likely to have contributed to its striking species richness. These findings add to growing evidence that the origins and historical assembly of species-rich biomes have been idiosyncratic, driven in large part by unique features of regional- and continental-scale geohistory and that different historical processes can lead to similar levels of modern species richness.},
	pages = {20359--20364},
	number = {48},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
	author = {Simon, Marcelo F. and Grether, Rosaura and de Queiroz, Luciano P. and Skema, Cynthia and Pennington, R. Toby and Hughes, Colin E.},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2009-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Recent assembly of the Cerrado, a neotropical plant diversity hotspot, by in situ evolution of adaptations to fire.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\natural history\\Recent assembly of the Cerrado, a neotropical plant diversity hotspot, by in situ evolution of adaptations to fire.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{simon_evidence_2012,
	title = {Evidence for Adaptation to Fire Regimes in the Tropical Savannas of the Brazilian Cerrado},
	volume = {173},
	issn = {1058-5893, 1537-5315},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665973},
	doi = {10.1086/665973},
	abstract = {A recent controversy concerns whether plant traits that are assumed to be adaptations to ﬁre originally evolved in response to selective factors other than ﬁre. We contribute to this debate by investigating the evolution of the endemic woody ﬂora of the ﬁre-prone Cerrado of central Brazil, the most species-rich savanna in the world. We review evidence from dated phylogenies and show that Cerrado lineages started to diversify less than 10 million years ago. These Cerrado lineages are characterized by ﬁre-resistant traits such as thick, corky bark and root sprouting, which have been considered to have evolved as adaptations to drought or nutrient-deﬁcient soils. However, the fact that the lineages carrying these features arose coincident with the rise to dominance of ﬂammable C4 grasses and expansion of the savanna biome worldwide, and postdating the earlier origin of seasonal climates and the nutrient-poor, acid Cerrado soils suggests that such traits should be considered as adaptations to ﬁre regimes. The nature of these features as adaptations to ﬁre is further suggested by their absence or poor development in related lineages found in ﬁre-free environments with similar edaphic conditions to the Cerrado and by their repeated independent origin in diverse lineages. We present evidence to demonstrate that the evolutionary barrier to entry to the Cerrado is a weak one, presumably because of the ease of evolution of the necessary adaptations to ﬁre regimes for lineages inhabiting neighboring ﬁre-free biomes.},
	pages = {711--723},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Plant Sciences},
	shortjournal = {International Journal of Plant Sciences},
	author = {Simon, Marcelo F. and Pennington, Toby},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2012-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Evidence for Adaptation to Fire Regimes in the Tropical Savannas of the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\natural history\\Evidence for Adaptation to Fire Regimes in the Tropical Savannas of the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@incollection{miranda_fire_2002,
	title = {The fire factor},
	pages = {51--68},
	booktitle = {The cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	author = {Miranda, Heloisa S and Bustamante, Mercedes {MC} and Miranda, Antonio C},
	date = {2002},
}

@article{he_fire-adapted_2012,
	title = {Fire-adapted traits of Pinus arose in the fiery Cretaceous},
	volume = {194},
	pages = {751--759},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {New Phytologist},
	author = {He, Tianhua and Pausas, Juli G and Belcher, Claire M and Schwilk, Dylan W and Lamont, Byron B},
	date = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
}

@article{he_cretaceous_2016,
	title = {A Cretaceous origin for fire adaptations in the Cape flora},
	volume = {6},
	pages = {34880},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {He, Tianhua and Lamont, Byron B and Manning, John},
	date = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group {UK} London},
}

@article{veraverbeke_lightning_2017,
	title = {Lightning as a major driver of recent large fire years in North American boreal forests},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1758-678X, 1758-6798},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3329},
	doi = {10.1038/nclimate3329},
	pages = {529--534},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Nature Climate Change},
	shortjournal = {Nature Clim Change},
	author = {Veraverbeke, Sander and Rogers, Brendan M. and Goulden, Mike L. and Jandt, Randi R. and Miller, Charles E. and Wiggins, Elizabeth B. and Randerson, James T.},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2017-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Lightning as a major driver of recent large fire years in North American boreal forests.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\Lightning as a major driver of recent large fire years in North American boreal forests.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{christian_global_2003,
	title = {Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector},
	volume = {108},
	rights = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/{termsAndConditions}\#vor},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JD002347},
	doi = {10.1029/2002JD002347},
	abstract = {The Optical Transient Detector ({OTD}) is a space‐based instrument specifically designed to detect and locate lightning discharges as it orbits the Earth. This instrument is a scientific payload on the {MicroLab}‐1 satellite that was launched into a 70° inclination low Earth orbit in April 1995. Given the orbital trajectory of the satellite, most regions of the Earth are observed by the {OTD} instrument more than 400 times during a 1 year period, and the average duration of each observation is 2 min. The {OTD} instrument optically detects lightning flashes that occur within its 1300 × 1300 km
              2
              field of view during both day and night conditions. A statistical examination of {OTD} lightning data reveals that nearly 1.4 billion flashes occur annually over the entire Earth. This annual flash count translates to an average of 44 ± 5 lightning flashes (intracloud and cloud‐to‐ground combined) occurring around the globe every second, which is well below the traditional estimate of 100 fl s
              −1
              that was derived in 1925 from world thunder day records. The range of uncertainty for the {OTD} global totals represents primarily the uncertainty (and variability) in the flash detection efficiency of the instrument. The {OTD} measurements have been used to construct lightning climatology maps that demonstrate the geographical and seasonal distribution of lightning activity for the globe. An analysis of this annual lightning distribution confirms that lightning occurs mainly over land areas, with an average land/ocean ratio of ∼10:1. The Congo basin, which stands out year‐round, shows a peak mean annual flash density of 80 fl km
              −2
              yr
              −1
              in Rwanda, and includes an area of over 3 million km
              2
              exhibiting flash densities greater than 30 fl km
              −2
              yr
              −1
              (the flash density of central Florida). Lightning is predominant in the northern Atlantic and western Pacific Ocean basins year‐round where instability is produced from cold air passing over warm ocean water. Lightning is less frequent in the eastern tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean basins where the air mass is warmer. A dominant Northern Hemisphere summer peak occurs in the annual cycle, and evidence is found for a tropically driven semiannual cycle.},
	issue = {D1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	shortjournal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
	author = {Christian, Hugh J. and Blakeslee, Richard J. and Boccippio, Dennis J. and Boeck, William L. and Buechler, Dennis E. and Driscoll, Kevin T. and Goodman, Steven J. and Hall, John M. and Koshak, William J. and Mach, Douglas M. and Stewart, Michael F.},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2003-01-16},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{fiedler_ocorrencia_2006,
	title = {Ocorrência de incêndios florestais no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás.},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1980-5098, 0103-9954},
	url = {https://periodicos.ufsm.br/cienciaflorestal/article/view/1896},
	doi = {10.5902/198050981896},
	abstract = {This work aimed at studying the fires in Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros ({PNCV}) in Goiás, Brazil, from 1992 to 2003. The methodology included analysis of heat spots maps, reports and interviews with the fire crew members, besides interviews with the land owners who live close to the {PNCV}. The data showed the causes and the frequencies of fires annual burnt areas, seasons and origins of fire incident, and fire privation developed by the fire crew of {PNCV}. Furthermore, there was opinions by land owner related to the {PNCV}. Results showed that the fires in {PNCV} had annual frequency. The years 1995 and 2002 presented more fire occurrences. Most of the fires (88,2\%) had criminal or unknown causes. The dry season caused more fire occurrences, mainly August, September and July. The prevention activities were break fires construction and instruction folders related to fires release. The local land owners did not know how to deal with land management techniques without fire and asked for environmental education.},
	pages = {153--161},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Ciência Florestal},
	shortjournal = {Ciênc. Florest.},
	author = {Fiedler, Nilton César and Merlo, Daniela Araújo and Medeiros, Marcelo Brilhante de},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2006-06-30},
	langid = {portuguese},
	file = {Ocorrência de fogo no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, goias.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Ocorrência de fogo no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, goias.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{melo_regime_2011,
	title = {Regime de queima das caçadas com uso do fogo realizadas pelos Xavante no Cerrado},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2236-2886},
	url = {https://revistaeletronica.icmbio.gov.br/BioBR/article/view/110},
	doi = {10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v1i2.110},
	abstract = {Science literature has underestimated the fire management with cultural purposes. Nevertheless, there are evidences that fire was broadly used as a management tool by indigenous people in different types of ecosystems. In Brazil, the indigenous have been using fire as a management tool. The objective of this article is to investigate and characterize the aspects which integrate the fire regimen adopted within hunting with fire by Xavante, and offer subsides to a sustainable management of fire in Cerrado. In the first phase of research, it was done structured interviews based on a list of main themes proposed by researches in ecology of fire. In the second phase, considering the results of the previous phase and the understandings about the indigenous environmental concepts, partially structured interviews were done. The huntings with fire were done in the dry season, between June and September. The periodicity of the burnings and the changes in the location of fire are dependent of the phytophysiognomy. The Xavante do previous burnings, just after the end of the rainy season, as part of strategy to control fire, jointly with the planning of the burning sites. The definition of the resting period of the sites depends on the evaluation by older people. The activity of hunting with fire presents similar results to the traditional patters of burning by indigenous societies according to the scientific literature.},
	pages = {97--109},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Biodiversidade Brasileira},
	shortjournal = {Biodivers. Bras.},
	author = {Melo, Mônica Martins and Saito, Carlos Hiroo},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2011-12-30},
	langid = {portuguese},
	file = {Regime de Queima das Caçadas com Uso do Fogo Realizadas.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Regime de Queima das Caçadas com Uso do Fogo Realizadas.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{welch_indigenous_2013,
	title = {Indigenous Burning as Conservation Practice: Neotropical Savanna Recovery amid Agribusiness Deforestation in Central Brazil},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081226},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0081226},
	shorttitle = {Indigenous Burning as Conservation Practice},
	abstract = {International efforts to address climate change by reducing tropical deforestation increasingly rely on indigenous reserves as conservation units and indigenous peoples as strategic partners. Considered win-win situations where global conservation measures also contribute to cultural preservation, such alliances also frame indigenous peoples in diverse ecological settings with the responsibility to offset global carbon budgets through fire suppression based on the presumed positive value of non-alteration of tropical landscapes. Anthropogenic fire associated with indigenous ceremonial and collective hunting practices in the Neotropical savannas (cerrado) of Central Brazil is routinely represented in public and scientific conservation discourse as a cause of deforestation and increased {CO}2 emissions despite a lack of supporting evidence. We evaluate this claim for the Xavante people of Pimentel Barbosa Indigenous Reserve, Brazil. Building upon 23 years of longitudinal interdisciplinary research in the area, we used multi-temporal spatial analyses to compare land cover change under indigenous and agribusiness management over the last four decades (1973–2010) and quantify the contemporary Xavante burning regime contributing to observed patterns based on a four year sample at the end of this sequence (2007–2010). The overall proportion of deforested land remained stable inside the reserve (0.6\%) but increased sharply outside (1.5\% to 26.0\%). Vegetation recovery occurred where reserve boundary adjustments transferred lands previously deforested by agribusiness to indigenous management. Periodic traditional burning by the Xavante had a large spatial distribution but repeated burning in consecutive years was restricted. Our results suggest a need to reassess overreaching conservation narratives about the purported destructiveness of indigenous anthropogenic fire in the cerrado. The real challenge to conservation in the fire-adapted cerrado biome is the long-term sustainability of indigenous lands and other tropical conservation islands increasingly subsumed by agribusiness expansion rather than the localized subsistence practices of indigenous and other traditional peoples.},
	pages = {e81226},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
	shortjournal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
	author = {Welch, James R. and Brondízio, Eduardo S. and Hetrick, Scott S. and Coimbra, Carlos E. A.},
	editor = {Fenton, Brock},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2013-12-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Indigenous Burning as Conservation Practice Neotropical Savanna Recovery amid Agribusiness Deforestation in Central Brazil.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Indigenous Burning as Conservation Practice Neotropical Savanna Recovery amid Agribusiness Deforestation in Central Brazil.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{pinheiro_dinamica_2009,
	title = {Dinâmica espaço-temporal (1962-2006) das fitofisionomias em unidade de conservação do Cerrado no sudeste do Brasil},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0100-8404},
	url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-84042009000300005&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt},
	doi = {10.1590/S0100-84042009000300005},
	abstract = {Spatial and temporal dynamics (1962-2006) of Cerrado vegetation types in a protected area, southeastern Brazil). Recent studies indicate that after protection from human pressures (ﬁre, cattle grazing and agriculture), structural changes occur in the cerrado vegetation, changing open physiognomies into more closed savannas. We analyzed the dynamics of vegetation types along 44 years, at Assis Ecological Station, one of the rare conservation units protecting the cerrado biome in the southeastern São Paulo State, Brazil, with the aim of characterizing and quantifying those changes in space and time. Protected against human pressures since a long time, ﬁeld observations have shown an upgrade of local cerrado physiognomies, through a successional process whose structural climax can be a forest physiognomy, with a continuous arboreal stratum. The dynamics of the vegetation types was analyzed by using aerial photographs (1962, 1984 and 1994), Quick Bird satellite images (2006) and ﬁeld surveys. During this 44 years period, ﬁeld physiognomies were reduced from 23\% to less than 1\% of the total area studied. In the other extreme, woodland savanna increased from 53\% to 91\% of the area. Changes did not happen at the same rhythm across the area, and that is apparently correlated to microclimate and edaphyc differences. We believe that ﬁeld and savannic physiognomies initially existing were mostly maintained due to heavy human pressures, constraining the secondary succession towards an edapho-climatic climax of greater biomass. Conﬁrming the observations of cerrado areas elsewhere, protection against ﬁre, cattle grazing and agriculture allowed the evolution of open vegetation types into more closed ones, tending to be locally extinct the ﬁrst if new disturbances do not occur. Consequences of these changes related to management strategies, biodiversity conservation and carbon sink are discussed.},
	pages = {441--454},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Revista Brasileira de Botânica},
	shortjournal = {Rev. bras. Bot.},
	author = {Pinheiro, Eduardo Da Silva and Durigan, Giselda},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2009-09},
	langid = {portuguese},
	file = {Dinâmica espaço-temporal (1962-2006) das fitofisionomias em unidade de conservação do Cerrado no sudeste do Brasil.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Dinâmica espaço-temporal (1962-2006) das fitofisionomias em unidade de conservação do Cerrado no sudeste do Brasil.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{medeiros_incendios_2004,
	title = {Incêndios florestais no parque nacional da Serra da Canastra: desafios para a conservação da biodiversidade.},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1980-5098, 0103-9954},
	url = {https://periodicos.ufsm.br/cienciaflorestal/article/view/1815},
	doi = {10.5902/198050981815},
	shorttitle = {Incêndios florestais no parque nacional da Serra da Canastra},
	abstract = {The Protected Areas in Brazil have been injured by wildfires that treathen the high biodiversity and ecological processes. The Serra da Canastra National Park ({SCNP}), located at south Minas Gerais State, is characterized by grasslands predominance and an ancient incorrect use of fire as a land management tool, wich cause large wildfires. The objective of this work was to analyse fire ocorrences in {SCNP} and to give data to reduce large wildfires as a biodiversity conservation question. The data collection was carried out with fire reports from 1987 to 2001 and local visits. The results shown that most of forest fires causes (50\%) in {SCNP} are human originated, in spite of several forest fires caused by lightnings (44\%). Among human causes the most is originated by lawbreakers (47\%). There is a high number of forest fires caused by lightnings during the rainy season and transition dry-rainy season and a high number of forest fires caused by humans during the dry season. However, the forest fires caused by lightnings are often restricted to small areas (lower than 500 ha) and the forest fires caused by humans reached large areas in {SCNP}. Furthermore, the control of fire in {SCNP} should include several prevention activities, mainly environmental education and combustible isolation.},
	pages = {157--168},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Ciência Florestal},
	shortjournal = {Ciênc. Florest.},
	author = {Medeiros, Marcelo Brilhante de and Fiedler, Nilton Cezar},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2004-06-30},
	langid = {portuguese},
	file = {WILDFIRES IN SERRA DA CANASTRA NATIONAL PARK CHALLENGES TO BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\WILDFIRES IN SERRA DA CANASTRA NATIONAL PARK CHALLENGES TO BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{mistry_new_2019,
	title = {New perspectives in fire management in South American savannas: The importance of intercultural governance},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0044-7447, 1654-7209},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13280-018-1054-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s13280-018-1054-7},
	shorttitle = {New perspectives in fire management in South American savannas},
	abstract = {Wildﬁres continue to cause damage to property, livelihoods and environments around the world. Acknowledging that dealing with wildﬁres has to go beyond ﬁre-ﬁghting, governments in countries with ﬁreprone ecosystems have begun to recognize the multiple perspectives of landscape burning and the need to engage with local communities and their practices. In this perspective, we outline the experiences of Brazil and Venezuela, two countries where ﬁre management has been highly contested, but where there have been recent advances in ﬁre management approaches. Success of these new initiatives have been measured by the reduction in wildﬁre extent through prescribed burning, and the opening of a dialogue on ﬁre management between government agencies and local communities. Yet, it is clear that further developments in community participation need to take place in order to avoid the appropriation of local knowledge systems by institutions, and to better reﬂect more equitable ﬁre governance.},
	pages = {172--179},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Ambio},
	shortjournal = {Ambio},
	author = {Mistry, Jayalaxshmi and Schmidt, Isabel Belloni and Eloy, Ludivine and Bilbao, Bibiana},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2019-02-15},
	langid = {english},
	file = {New perspectives in fire management in South American savannas The importance of intercultural governance.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\New perspectives in fire management in South American savannas The importance of intercultural governance.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@incollection{billings_ecological_1982,
	location = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	title = {Ecological Effects of Fire in Brazilian Cerrado},
	volume = {42},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-68786-0_13},
	pages = {273--291},
	booktitle = {Ecology of Tropical Savannas},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	author = {Coutinho, L. M.},
	editor = {Huntley, Brian J. and Walker, Brian H.},
	editorb = {Billings, W. D. and Golley, F. and Lange, O. L. and Olson, J. S. and Remmert, H.},
	editorbtype = {redactor},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {1982},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-68786-0_13},
	note = {Series Title: Ecological Studies},
	file = {Ecological Effects of Fire in Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Ecological Effects of Fire in Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ratter_analysis_2003,
	title = {Analysis of the floristic composition of the Brazilian Cerrado vegetation {III}: comparison of the woody vegetation of 376 areas},
	volume = {60},
	rights = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {1474-0036, 0960-4286},
	url = {https://journals.rbge.org.uk/ejb/article/view/1089},
	doi = {10.1017/S0960428603000064},
	shorttitle = {{ANALYSIS} {OF} {THE} {FLORISTIC} {COMPOSITION} {OF} {THE} {BRAZILIAN} {CERRADO} {VEGETATION} {III}},
	abstract = {An analysis was made of the floristic composition of 376 areas of cerrado and Amazonian savanna, encompassing most of the area of such vegetation in Brazil. A total of 951 species of trees and large shrubs was recorded for these areas, of which 334 (35\%) occurred at only a single locality (unicates).},
	pages = {57--109},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Edinburgh Journal of Botany},
	shortjournal = {Edinburgh J. Bot.},
	author = {Ratter, J. A. and Bridgewater, S. and Ribeiro, J. F.},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2003-03-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {ANALYSIS OF THE FLORISTIC COMPOSITION OF THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO VEGETATION III COMPARISON OF THE WOODY VEGETATION OF 376 AREAS.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\ecology\\ANALYSIS OF THE FLORISTIC COMPOSITION OF THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO VEGETATION III COMPARISON OF THE WOODY VEGETATION OF 376 AREAS.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{eiten_cerrado_1972,
	title = {The cerrado vegetation of Brazil},
	volume = {38},
	rights = {http://www.springer.com/tdm},
	issn = {0006-8101, 1874-9372},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02859158},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02859158},
	pages = {201--341},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {The Botanical Review},
	shortjournal = {Bot. Rev},
	author = {Eiten, George},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {1972-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The cerrado vegetation of Brazil.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\ecology\\The cerrado vegetation of Brazil.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{prous_arqueologia_1992,
	title = {Arqueologia brasileira (Brazilian archaeology)},
	journaltitle = {Editora University, Brasília},
	author = {Prous, A},
	date = {1992},
}

@article{gottsberger_life_2006,
	title = {Life in the Cerrado},
	journaltitle = {Vol. I. Origin, Structure, Dynamics and Plant Use. Reta, Ulm},
	author = {Gottsberger, Gerhard and Silberbauer-Gottsberger, Ilse},
	date = {2006},
}

@article{conciani_human-climate_2021,
	title = {Human-climate interactions shape fire regimes in the Cerrado of São Paulo state, Brazil},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {16171381},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138121000534},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126006},
	abstract = {The Cerrado is the most diverse tropical savanna in the world. As a fire-prone ecosystem, natural fire in the Cerrado shapes plant communities and drives evolutionary processes. Human activities and landscape man­ agement can alter natural fire regimes and reshape Cerrado dynamics, making biodiversity conservation a challenge, particularly in densely populated areas. We reconstructed the historical fire regime of three protected areas ({PA}) and their buffer zones in Sa˜o Paulo state to understand how current fire exclusion policies are affecting fire regimes and to measure how human-climate-fire relationships can change in areas under different land management. We used Landsat satellite imagery, from 1984 to 2017, with 30 m of spatial resolution and 16 days of temporal resolution. In total, we mapped 49,471 ha of burned area, and we detected variations in fire frequency and fire size among sites. {PA} dominated by open savanna in Itirapina concentrated 93 \% of all observed fires, while {PA} dominated by forest-like formations in Assis represented only 2\% of the fires. Annual rainfall showed a very weak relationship (R2 = 0.04) with annual total burned area, while the rainfall split between dry and wet seasons showed a tendency to have a fuel moisture effect which determined the vegetation available to burn in the dry season (R2 = 0.09). Fire regimes in {PA} were similar to those observed in buffer zones suggesting that fire-exclusion policies do not effectively prevent fires in {PA} that are surrounded by an anthropic matrix where fire is often used. When we included human factors in addition to rainfall, our models explained 44 \% of variation of burned areas. We conclude that fire regimes in S˜ao Paulo Cerrado have been modified by humans and that fire exclusion is not a suitable policy for protected areas in this fire-prone ecosystem.},
	pages = {126006},
	journaltitle = {Journal for Nature Conservation},
	shortjournal = {Journal for Nature Conservation},
	author = {Conciani, Dhemerson E. and Santos, Lucas Pereira dos and Silva, Thiago Sanna Freire and Durigan, Giselda and Alvarado, Swanni T.},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2021-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Conciani et al. - 2021 - Human-climate interactions shape fire regimes in t.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\Zotero\\storage\\9HGUGJHG\\Conciani et al. - 2021 - Human-climate interactions shape fire regimes in t.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{prudente_limitations_2020,
	title = {Limitations of cloud cover for optical remote sensing of agricultural areas across South America},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {23529385},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352938520302615},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100414},
	abstract = {Earth Observation data support the large-scale monitoring of croplands across South America ({SA}). For instance, optical remote sensing ({ORS}) data are typically used to map and monitor plant development during a crop season. However, the monitoring of agricultural areas is highly affected by cloud cover frequency ({CCF}), espe­ cially in the rainy season, and the implications of cloud cover for {ORS} of agricultural areas are still poorly un­ derstood in {SA}. In this study we evaluated the monthly {CCF} and variability focused on implications for agricultural monitoring in {SA}. Cloud cover was derived from daily {MCD}19A2 Collection 6 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ({MODIS}) product between 2000 and 2015. A monthly average was computed using daily observations for the studied period. To evaluate the effects of clouds in agricultural areas, we used a cropland mask from the Worldwide Croplands project and divided the {CCF} into quarters. The results show that cloud cover affects the monitoring of croplands depending on geographic location and crop season. In the P1 period (September to November) 68\% of South American croplands have {CCF} between 40\% and 60\%. In the P2 period (December and February), {SA} croplands have {CCF} concentrated in the classes of 40\%–50\% and 70\%–80\%. In the P3 period (March to May) 42\% of {SA} croplands have {CCF} concentration in class 5 (40-50\% of cloud cover). In the P4 period (June to August), we observed values from 30\% to 60\% of cloud cover in 41\% of South American croplands. These patterns make summer crop monitoring via {ORS} data difficult, mainly soybean and maize. In this sense, for the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso, Goias, Bahia, Tocantins, and Parana, the use of {ORS} is limited in providing an accurate summer crop monitoring. While cloud cover is an intrinsic challenge for agricultural monitoring of some crops, the combination of multi-sensors (e.g. microwave and optical sensors) and {CubeSats} can improve the earth observation frequency and help to work around this limitation, thus enabling a better time series analysis.},
	pages = {100414},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment},
	author = {Prudente, Victor Hugo Rohden and Martins, Vitor Souza and Vieira, Denis Corte and Silva, Nildson Rodrigues de França e and Adami, Marcos and Sanches, Ieda Del’Arco},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2020-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Limitations of cloud cover for optical remote sensing of agricultural areas across South America.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Limitations of cloud cover for optical remote sensing of agricultural areas across South America.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{spessa_relationships_2005,
	title = {Relationships among fire frequency, rainfall and vegetation patterns in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia: an analysis based on {NOAA}‐{AVHRR} data},
	volume = {14},
	rights = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/{termsAndConditions}\#vor},
	issn = {1466-822X, 1466-8238},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2005.00174.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1466-822x.2005.00174.x},
	shorttitle = {Relationships among fire frequency, rainfall and vegetation patterns in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia},
	abstract = {Methods Monthly ‘fraction of photosynthetic active radiation absorbed by green vegetation’ ({fAPAR}) was decomposed into monthly evergreen ({EG}) and monthly raingreen ({RG}) components using time-series techniques applied to monthly normalized difference vegetation index ({NDVI}) data from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer ({AVHRR}) imagery. Fire affected areas were independently mapped at the same spatio-temporal resolution from {AVHRR} imagery. Weather station records were spatially interpolated to create monthly rainfall surfaces. Vegetation structural classes were derived from a digitized map of northern Australian vegetation communities (1 : 1,000,000). Generalized linear models were used to quantify relationships among the {fAPAR}, {EG} and {RG} signals, vegetation structure, rainfall and ﬁre frequency, for the period November 1996–December 2001.
Results The {fAPAR} and {EG} signals are positively correlated with annual rainfall and canopy cover, notably: {EGclosed} forest {\textgreater} {EGopen} heathland {\textgreater} {EGopen} {\textgreater} forest {EGwoodland} {\textgreater} {EGopen} woodland {\textgreater} {EGlow} woodland {\textgreater} {EGlow} open woodland {\textgreater} {EGopen} . grassland Vegetation height and {fAPAR} are positively correlated, excluding the special case of open heathland. The {RG} signal is highest where intermediate annual rainfall and strong seasonality in rainfall coincide, and is associated with vegetation structure as follows: {RGopen} grassland {\textgreater} {RGwoodland} {\textgreater} {RGopen} forest {\textgreater} {RGopen} heathland {\textgreater} {RGlow} woodland {\textgreater} {RGopen} woodland {\textgreater} {RGlow} open woodland {\textgreater} {RGclosed} . forest Monthly {RG} tracks monthly rainfall. Annual proportion of area burnt ({PB}) is maximal where high {RG} coincides with low {EG} (open grassland, several woodland communities). {PB} is minimal in vegetation where both {RG} and {EG} are low (low open woodland); and in vegetation where {EG} is high (closed forest, open heathland).
Conclusions The {RG}–{EG} scheme successfully reﬂects digitally mapped tree and grass covers in relation to rainfall. {RG}–{EG} patterns are strongly associated with ﬁre frequency patterns. {PB} is maximal in areas of high {RG}, where high biomass production during the wet season supports abundant ﬁne fuel during the dry season. {PB} is minimal in areas with high {EG}, where relatively moist fuel limits ﬁre ignition; and in areas with low {EG} and {RG}, where a relative short supply of fuel limits ﬁre spread.},
	pages = {439--454},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
	shortjournal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
	author = {Spessa, Allan and {McBeth}, Bevan and Prentice, Colin},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2005-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Relationships among fire frequency, rainfall and vegetation patterns in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia an analysis based on NOAA-AVHRR data.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Relationships among fire frequency, rainfall and vegetation patterns in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia an analysis based on NOAA-AVHRR data.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{russell-smith_bushfires_2007,
	title = {Bushfires 'down under': patterns and implications of contemporary Australian landscape burning},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1049-8001},
	url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=WF07018},
	doi = {10.1071/WF07018},
	shorttitle = {Bushfires 'down under'},
	abstract = {Australia is among the most fire-prone of continents. While national fire management policy is focused on irregular and comparatively smaller fires in densely settled southern Australia, this comprehensive assessment of continental-scale fire patterning (1997–2005) derived from ∼1 km2 {AdvancedVery} High Resolution Radiometer ({AVHRR}) imagery shows that fire activity occurs predominantly in the savanna landscapes of monsoonal northern Australia. Statistical models that relate the distribution of large fires to a variety of biophysical variables show that, at the continental scale, rainfall seasonality substantially explains fire patterning. Modelling results, together with data concerning seasonal lightning incidence, implicate the importance of anthropogenic ignition sources, especially in the northern wet–dry tropics and arid Australia, for a substantial component of recurrent fire extent. Contemporary patterns differ markedly from those under Aboriginal occupancy, are causing significant impacts on biodiversity, and, under current patterns of human population distribution, land use, national policy and climate change scenarios, are likely to prevail, if not intensify, for decades to come. Implications of greenhouse gas emissions from savanna burning, especially seasonal emissions of {CO}2, are poorly understood and contribute to important underestimation of the significance of savanna emissions both in Australian and probably in international greenhouse gas inventories. A significant challenge for Australia is to address annual fire extent in fire-prone Australian savannas.},
	pages = {361},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
	shortjournal = {Int. J. Wildland Fire},
	author = {Russell-Smith, Jeremy and Yates, Cameron P. and Whitehead, Peter J. and Smith, Richard and Craig, Ron and Allan, Grant E. and Thackway, Richard and Frakes, Ian and Cridland, Shane and Meyer, Mick C. P. and Gill, A. Malcolm},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2007},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Bushfires ‘down under’ patterns and implications of contemporary Australian landscape burning.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Bushfires ‘down under’ patterns and implications of contemporary Australian landscape burning.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{marimon_floristica_2012,
	title = {Florística dos campos de murundus do Pantanal do Araguaia, Mato Grosso, Brasil},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0102-3306},
	url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-33062012000100018&lng=pt&tlng=pt},
	doi = {10.1590/S0102-33062012000100018},
	abstract = {Floristics of floodplain ‘murundus’ of the Pantanal of Araguaia, Mato Grosso, Brazil). This study aimed to compare angiosperm species richness and composition between floodplain ‘murundus’ ({FM}) of Araguaia State Park ({ASP}) in one of Brazil´s largest floodplains. {ASP} is located in Novo Santo Antônio, Mato Grosso state, and is bordered on the east by the Araguaia River, and on the west by Das Mortes River. Intensive floristic inventories were made on 11 hectares, and adjacent areas, of {FM} distributed over {ASP}. Environmental studies were performed by in situ descriptions. The soils are deep, mineral hydromorphic plinthosols, imperfectly to poorly drained, with low permeability. A total of 318 species, 193 genera and 66 families were collected, and {FM} values ranged from 51 to 135 species, 42 to 107 genera and 27 to 52 families. Erythroxylum suberosum is a typical species of Brazilian {FM}, Curatella americana typical of Mato Grosso {FM} and Byrsonima cydoniifolia typical of the {ASP}. The physical and spatial distribution pattern of the “murundus” (earthmounds) may reflect the seasonal flood pulse, since the floristic composition of the {FM} varied between the areas under the influence of the rivers that border the park. This was the largest floristic inventory ever undertaken in {FM}, with a significant increase in our knowledge and recording of typical species of the Cerrado Biome which occur in this phytophysiognomy.},
	pages = {181--196},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Acta Botanica Brasilica},
	shortjournal = {Acta Bot. Bras.},
	author = {Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes and Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur and Mews, Henrique Augusto and Jancoski, Halina Soares and Franczak, Daniel David and Lima, Herson Souza and Lenza, Eddie and Rossete, Amintas Nazareth and Moresco, Micheli Cristina},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	date = {2012-03},
	langid = {portuguese},
	file = {Florística dos campos de murundus do Pantanal do Araguaia, Mato Grosso, Brasil.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\ecology\\Florística dos campos de murundus do Pantanal do Araguaia, Mato Grosso, Brasil.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{de_medeiros_manejo_2002,
	title = {Manejo do fogo em unidades de conservação do cerrado},
	volume = {10},
	journaltitle = {Boletim do Herbário Ezechias Paulo Heringer},
	author = {de Medeiros, Marcelo Brilhante},
	date = {2002},
}

@article{de_souza_neves_dinamica_2018,
	title = {Dinâmica do fogo no Parque Estadual do Araguaia, zona de transição Amazônia-Cerrado},
	volume = {44},
	journaltitle = {Ra'e Ga},
	author = {de Souza Neves, Laís Fernandes and Schwantes Marimon, Beatriz and Oighenstein Anderson, Liana and Alves da Silva Neves, Sandra Mara},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{fontenele_what_2023,
	title = {What happens when fire is too early? Observations of fire-stimulated fruit opening releasing underdeveloped seeds for an endemic Cerrado shrub},
	volume = {48},
	pages = {2246--2252},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Austral Ecology},
	author = {Fontenele, Hudson {GV} and Miranda, Heloisa S},
	date = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	file = {What happens when fire is too early  Observations of fire‐stimulated fruit opening.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\ecology\\What happens when fire is too early  Observations of fire‐stimulated fruit opening.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{schroeder_new_2014,
	title = {The New {VIIRS} 375 m active fire detection data product: Algorithm description and initial assessment},
	volume = {143},
	pages = {85--96},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	author = {Schroeder, Wilfrid and Oliva, Patricia and Giglio, Louis and Csiszar, Ivan A},
	date = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	file = {The New VIIRS 375 m active ﬁre detection data product - Algorithm description and initial assessment.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\remote sensing\\The New VIIRS 375 m active ﬁre detection data product - Algorithm description and initial assessment.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{allen_crop_1998,
	title = {Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water requirements},
	url = {https://www.fao.org/3/x0490e/x0490e00.htm},
	publisher = {{FAO} - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations},
	author = {Allen, Richard G. and Smith, Martin and Pereira, Luis S. and Raes, Dirk},
	urldate = {2023-01-04},
	date = {1998},
}

@book{qgis_development_team_qgis_2024,
	title = {{QGIS} Geographic Information System},
	url = {http://qgis.org},
	publisher = {Open Source Geospatial Foundation},
	author = {{QGIS Development Team}},
	date = {2024},
}

@article{mokhtar_confidence_2023,
	title = {Confidence intervals by bootstrapping approach: a significance review},
	volume = {19},
	pages = {30--42},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences},
	author = {Mokhtar, Siti Fairus and Yusof, Zahayu Md and Sapiri, Hasimah},
	date = {2023},
}

@article{segura-garcia_fire_nodate,
	title = {The fire regimes of the Brazilian Cerrado and their changes through time},
	journaltitle = {Unpublished manuscript},
	author = {Segura-Garcia, Carlota and Alencar, Ane and L. Arruda, Vera L. and Bauman, David and Silva, Wallace and Conciani, Dhemerson E. and Oliveras Menor, Imma},
}

@article{spadoni_devegetation_nodate,
	title = {Devegetation is a pervasive driver of fire in the Brazilian Cerrado},
	journaltitle = {Unpublished manuscript},
	author = {Spadoni, Gian Luca and Moris, Jose V. and Segura-Garcia, Carlota and Pessoa, Ana Carolina and Jones, Matthew and Machado, Manoela and Motta, Renzo and Alencar, Ane and Ascoli, Davide and Oliveras Menor, Imma},
}

@article{moreira_evolution_1999,
	title = {Evolution of the Brazilian phytogeography classification systems: implications for biodiversity conservation.},
	volume = {51},
	pages = {331--348},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Ciência e Cultura},
	author = {{MOREIRA}, {AG} and {MOUTINHO}, P and {NEPSTAD}, {DC} and {OLIVEIRA}, {AA}},
	date = {1999},
	file = {Evolution of the Brazilian phytogeography classification systems implications for biodiversity conservation.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\ecology\\Evolution of the Brazilian phytogeography classification systems implications for biodiversity conservation.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{veloso_classificacao_1991,
	location = {Rio de Janeiro},
	title = {Classificação da vegetação brasileira, adaptada a um sistema universal},
	isbn = {978-85-240-0384-4},
	pagetotal = {123},
	publisher = {Ministério da Economia, Fazenda e Planejamento; Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística [u.a.]},
	author = {Veloso, Henrique Pimenta and Rangel Filho, Antonio Lourenço Rosa and Lima, Jorge Carlos Alves},
	date = {1991},
	langid = {portuguese},
	file = {Classificacao de vegetacao brasileira, adaptada a um sistema universal.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\ecology\\Classificacao de vegetacao brasileira, adaptada a um sistema universal.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{zanzarini_flammability_2022,
	title = {Flammability in tropical savannas: Variation among growth forms and seasons in Cerrado},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {0006-3606, 1744-7429},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/btp.13121},
	doi = {10.1111/btp.13121},
	shorttitle = {Flammability in tropical savannas},
	abstract = {The herbaceous layer is the dominant fuel for fire in tropical savannas, the world's most fire-­prone biome. However, little is known about variation in flammability among different growth forms, as well as how flammability varies seasonally. Here, we describe such variation in Brazilian Cerrado, the world's most phytodiverse tropical savanna. We measured three components of flammability (maximum burning temperature, burning rate, and burnt biomass) and morphophysiological traits (dead biomass percentage, moisture content, and specific leaf area) of five species of each of grasses, forbs, and shrubs throughout the wet and dry season. We found that grasses were the most flammable growth form and that their flammability was highest in the middle of the dry season when the percentage of dead biomass was highest (60\%), and moisture content was low (25\%). Flammability did not vary across seasons for either forbs or shrubs. Dead biomass, moisture content, and specific leaf area were all strongly correlated with flammability. These findings explain the dominant role played by grasses as drivers of flammability in tropical savannas, and they improve our understanding of how savanna flammability varies across space and time depending on the composition of the grass layer and its level of seasonal curing. This enables a better prediction of fire spread and behavior in different savanna types based on grass-­layer composition.},
	pages = {979--987},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Biotropica},
	shortjournal = {Biotropica},
	author = {Zanzarini, Vagner and Andersen, Alan N. and Fidelis, Alessandra},
	urldate = {2024-07-28},
	date = {2022-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Biotropica - 2022 - Zanzarini - Flammability in tropical savannas  Variation among growth forms and seasons in Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Biotropica - 2022 - Zanzarini - Flammability in tropical savannas  Variation among growth forms and seasons in Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{krause_sensitivity_2014,
	title = {The sensitivity of global wildfires to simulated past, present, and future lightning frequency},
	volume = {119},
	rights = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/{termsAndConditions}\#vor},
	issn = {2169-8953, 2169-8961},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013JG002502},
	doi = {10.1002/2013JG002502},
	abstract = {In this study, components of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model were used to explore how changes in lightning induced by climate change alter wildﬁre activity. To investigate how climate change alters global ﬂash frequency, simulations with the atmospheric general circulation model {ECHAM}6 were performed for the time periods preindustrial, present-day, and three future scenarios. The eﬀect of changes in lightning activity on ﬁre occurrence was derived from simulations with the land surface vegetation model {JSBACH}. Global cloud-to-ground lightning activity decreased by 3.3\% under preindustrial climate and increased by up to 21.3\% for the {RCP}85 projection at the end of the century when compared to present-day, respectively. Relative changes were most pronounced in North America and northeastern Asia. Global burned area was little aﬀected by these changes and only increased by up to 3.3\% for {RCP}85. However, on the regional scale, signiﬁcant changes occurred. For instance, burned area increases of over 100\% were found in high-latitude regions, while also several regions were identiﬁed where burned area declined, such as parts of South America and Africa.},
	pages = {312--322},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
	shortjournal = {{JGR} Biogeosciences},
	author = {Krause, Andreas and Kloster, Silvia and Wilkenskjeld, Stiig and Paeth, Heiko},
	urldate = {2024-07-28},
	date = {2014-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The sensitivity of global wildfires to simulated past, present, and future lightning frequency.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\lightning\\The sensitivity of global wildfires to simulated past, present, and future lightning frequency.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{batista_evaluation_2018,
	title = {An evaluation of contemporary savanna fire regimes in the Canastra National Park, Brazil: Outcomes of fire suppression policies},
	volume = {205},
	issn = {03014797},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479717309222},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.053},
	shorttitle = {An evaluation of contemporary savanna fire regimes in the Canastra National Park, Brazil},
	abstract = {Fire has shaped plant evolution and biogeochemical cycles for millions of years in savanna ecosystems, but changes in natural ﬁre regimes promoted by human land use threaten contemporary conservation efforts. In protected areas in the Brazilian savannas (Cerrado), the predominant management policy is ﬁre suppression, reﬂecting a cultural heritage which considers that ﬁre always has a negative impact on biodiversity. Here we compare resultant ﬁre-regimes in Canastra National Park ({CNP}), southeast Brazil, associated with areas under and without ﬁre suppression management, based on a 16-year Landsat imagery record. In open grasslands of the Canastra plateau ({CP}), ﬁreﬁghting is undertaken under government-sanctioned regulation, whereas in the Babilonia sector, non-sanctioned ﬁre management is undertaken by small farmers to promote cattle grazing and cropping. Fire regimes in the Canastra sector are characterized by few, very large, late dry season wildﬁres recurring at intervals of two years. Fire regimes in lowlands of the Babilonia sector are characterized by many small-scale, starting at the beginning of the dry season ({EDS}). In Babilonia uplands ﬁre regimes are characterized by higher frequencies of large ﬁres. The study illustrates major challenges for managing ﬁre-prone areas in conﬂict-ofinterest regions. We suggest that management planning in {CNP} needs to effectively address: i) managing conﬂicts between {CNP} managers and local communities; and ii) ﬁre management practices in order to achieve more ecologically sustainable ﬁre regimes. The study has broader implications for conservation management in ﬁre-prone savannas in South America generally.},
	pages = {40--49},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	author = {Batista, Eugênia Kelly Luciano and Russell-Smith, Jeremy and França, Helena and Figueira, José Eugênio Côrtes},
	urldate = {2024-08-01},
	date = {2018-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {An evaluation of contemporary savanna fire regimes in the Canastra National Park, Brazil Outcomes of fire suppression policies.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\An evaluation of contemporary savanna fire regimes in the Canastra National Park, Brazil Outcomes of fire suppression policies.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{alvarado_management_2018,
	title = {Management impacts on fire occurrence: A comparison of fire regimes of African and South American tropical savannas in different protected areas},
	volume = {218},
	issn = {0301-4797},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479718303803},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.004},
	abstract = {Humans can alter fire dynamics in grassland systems by changing fire frequency, fire seasonality and fuel conditions. These changes have effects on vegetation structure and recovery, species composition, and ecosystem function. Understanding how human management can affect fire regimes is vital to detect potential changes in the resilience of plant communities, and to predict vegetation responses to human interventions. We evaluated the fire regimes of two recently protected areas in Madagascar (Ibity and Itremo {NPA}) and one in Brazil (Serra do Cipó {NP}) before and after livestock exclusion and fire suppression policies. We compare the pre- and post-management fire history in these areas and analyze differences in terms of total annual burned area, density of ignitions, burn scar size distribution, fire return period and seasonal fire distribution. More than 90\% of total park areas were burned at least once during the studied period, for all parks. We observed a significant reduction in the number of ignitions for Ibity {NPA} and Serra do Cipó {NP} after livestock exclusion and active fire suppression, but no significant change in total burned area for each protected area. We also observed a seasonal shift in burning, with fires happening later in the fire season (October–November) after management intervention. However, the protected areas in Madagascar had shorter fire return intervals (3.23 and 1.82 years) than those in Brazil (7.91 years). Our results demonstrate that fire exclusion is unattainable, and probably unwarranted in tropical grassland conservation areas, but show how human intervention in fire and vegetation patterns can alter various aspects of the fire regimes. This information can help with formulating realistic and effective fire management policies in these valuable conservation areas.},
	pages = {79--87},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	author = {Alvarado, Swanni T. and Silva, Thiago Sanna Freire and Archibald, Sally},
	date = {2018},
	keywords = {Burn scar size distribution, Burned area, Fire regime, Fire return period, Management intervention, Number of ignitions, Seasonal fire distribution},
}

@inproceedings{kluyver_jupyter_2016,
	title = {Jupyter Notebooks – a publishing format for reproducible computational workflows},
	pages = {87 -- 90},
	booktitle = {Positioning and Power in Academic Publishing: Players, Agents and Agendas},
	publisher = {{IOS} Press},
	author = {Kluyver, Thomas and Ragan-Kelley, Benjamin and Pérez, Fernando and Granger, Brian and Bussonnier, Matthias and Frederic, Jonathan and Kelley, Kyle and Hamrick, Jessica and Grout, Jason and Corlay, Sylvain and Ivanov, Paul and Avila, Damián and Abdalla, Safia and Willing, Carol},
	editor = {Loizides, F. and Schmidt, B.},
	date = {2016},
}

@article{da_silva_arruda_assessing_2024,
	title = {Assessing four decades of fire behavior dynamics in the Cerrado biome (1985 to 2022)},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1933-9747},
	url = {https://fireecology.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42408-024-00298-4},
	doi = {10.1186/s42408-024-00298-4},
	abstract = {Background  Fire significantly transforms ecology and landscapes worldwide, impacting carbon cycling, species interactions, and ecosystem functions. In the Brazilian Cerrado, a fire-dependent savanna, the interaction between fire, society, and the environment is evident. Given that wildfires significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, our study aimed to analyze four decades of burned area data to understand changes in fire dynamics, using Collection 2 of annual {MapBiomas} Fire maps (1985 to 2022). Our study examined spatiotemporal patterns, fire recurrence, fire distribution across land uses, temporal changes in fire scar size, burned area variations across ecoregions, and their correlation with farming areas.
Results  From 1985 to 2022, fire impacted 40\% (792,204 ­km2) of the Cerrado biome, with 63\% burning more than once. Natural vegetation was the most affected, primarily due to human-driven ignition during the dry season. A noticeable trend of later peaks in fire activity, concentrated towards the end of the dry season, along with an increase in patch size over time, characterized a clear shift in the Cerrado fire regime. Recently, the {MATOPIBA} region and the northern biome exhibited significant fire clusters, with burned areas rising alongside farming expansion. The ecoregion-based analysis identified fire hotspots, with the "Bananal" ecoregion, the largest wetland area in the biome, exhibiting increased fire recurrence and larger patch size over time.
Conclusions  Our four-decade analysis of fire dynamics in the Cerrado revealed human-induced changes in the fire regime, originally shifting from July to September to a new fire season from August to October. This shift poses several environmental threats given their overlap with the driest months of the year. This study improved our understanding of changes in fire patterns and their impacts on each ecoregion and land use. Wetlands experienced the highest relative burned area, highlighting their ecological importance and increased vulnerability. In the southern Cerrado, where farming is established and natural vegetation more fragmented, fire events tend to decrease; while in the north, with recent farming expansion, fire susceptibility rises. Conservation-oriented strategies, like the Brazilian Integrated Fire Management ({MIF}), are crucial for mitigating impacts while enhancing the Cerrado’s resilience to climate change.},
	pages = {64},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Fire Ecology},
	shortjournal = {fire ecol},
	author = {da Silva Arruda, Vera Laísa and Alencar, Ane Auxiliadora Costa and de Carvalho Júnior, Osmar Abílio and de Figueiredo Ribeiro, Fernanda and de Arruda, Filipe Viegas and Conciani, Dhemerson Estevão and da Silva, Wallace Vieira and Shimbo, Julia Zanin},
	urldate = {2024-08-22},
	date = {2024-07-31},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Assessing four decades of fire behavior dynamics in the Cerrado biome (1985 to 2022).pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Assessing four decades of fire behavior dynamics in the Cerrado biome (1985 to 2022).pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ryan_ecosystem_2016,
	title = {Ecosystem services from southern African woodlands and their future under global change},
	volume = {371},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0312},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2015.0312},
	abstract = {Miombo and mopane woodlands are the dominant land cover in southern Africa. Ecosystem services from these woodlands support the livelihoods of 100 M rural people and 50 M urban dwellers, and others beyond the region. Provisioning services contribute \$9 ± 2 billion yr
              −1
              to rural livelihoods; 76\% of energy used in the region is derived from woodlands; and traded woodfuels have an annual value of \$780 M. Woodlands support much of the region's agriculture through transfers of nutrients to fields and shifting cultivation. Woodlands store 18–24 {PgC} carbon, and harbour a unique and diverse flora and fauna that provides spiritual succour and attracts tourists. Longstanding processes that will impact service provision are the expansion of croplands (0.1 M km
              2
              ; 2000–2014), harvesting of woodfuels (93 M tonnes yr
              −1
              ) and changing access arrangements. Novel, exogenous changes include large-scale land acquisitions (0.07 M km
              2
              ; 2000–2015), climate change and rising {CO}
              2
              . The net ecological response to these changes is poorly constrained, as they act in different directions, and differentially on trees and grasses, leading to uncertainty in future service provision. Land-use change and socio-political dynamics are likely to be dominant forces of change in the short term, but important land-use dynamics remain unquantified.
            
            This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation’.},
	pages = {20150312},
	number = {1703},
	journaltitle = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B},
	author = {Ryan, Casey M. and Pritchard, Rose and {McNicol}, Iain and Owen, Matthew and Fisher, Janet A. and Lehmann, Caroline},
	urldate = {2024-08-22},
	date = {2016-09-19},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Ecosystem services from southern African woodlands and their future under global change.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Ecosystem services from southern African woodlands and their future under global change.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{jones_global_2022,
	title = {Global and Regional Trends and Drivers of Fire Under Climate Change},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {8755-1209, 1944-9208},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020RG000726},
	doi = {10.1029/2020RG000726},
	abstract = {Recent wildfire outbreaks around the world have prompted concern that climate change is increasing fire incidence, threatening human livelihood and biodiversity, and perpetuating climate change. Here, we review current understanding of the impacts of climate change on fire weather (weather conditions conducive to the ignition and spread of wildfires) and the consequences for regional fire activity as mediated by a range of other bioclimatic factors (including vegetation biogeography, productivity and lightning) and human factors (including ignition, suppression, and land use). Through supplemental analyses, we present a stocktake of regional trends in fire weather and burned area ({BA}) during recent decades, and we examine how fire activity relates to its bioclimatic and human drivers. Fire weather controls the annual timing of fires in most world regions and also drives inter-annual variability in {BA} in the Mediterranean, the Pacific {US} and high latitude forests. Increases in the frequency and extremity of fire weather have been globally pervasive due to climate change during 1979–2019, meaning that landscapes are primed to burn more frequently. Correspondingly, increases in {BA} of ∼50\% or higher have been seen in some extratropical forest ecoregions including in the Pacific {US} and high-latitude forests during 2001–2019, though interannual variability remains large in these regions. Nonetheless, other bioclimatic and human factors can override the relationship between {BA} and fire weather. For example, {BA} in savannahs relates more strongly to patterns of fuel production or to the fragmentation of naturally fire-prone landscapes by agriculture. Similarly, {BA} trends in tropical forests relate more strongly to deforestation rates and forest degradation than to changing fire weather. Overall, {BA} has reduced by 27\% globally in the past two decades, due in large part to a decline in {BA} in African savannahs. According to climate models, the prevalence and extremity of fire weather has already emerged beyond its pre-industrial variability in the Mediterranean due to climate change, and emergence will become increasingly widespread at additional levels of warming. Moreover, several of the major wildfires experienced in recent years, including the Australian bushfires of 2019/2020, have occurred amidst fire weather conditions that were considerably more likely due to climate change. Current fire models incompletely reproduce the observed spatial patterns of {BA} based on their existing representations of the relationships between fire and its bioclimatic and human controls, and historical trends in {BA} also vary considerably across models. Advances in the observation of fire and understanding of its controlling factors are supporting the addition or optimization of a range of processes in models. Overall, climate change is exerting a pervasive upwards pressure on fire globally by increasing the frequency and intensity of fire weather, and this upwards pressure will escalate with each increment of global warming. Improvements to fire models and a better understanding of the interactions between climate, climate extremes, humans and fire are required to predict future fire activity and to mitigate against its consequences.},
	pages = {e2020RG000726},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Reviews of Geophysics},
	shortjournal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
	author = {Jones, Matthew W. and Abatzoglou, John T. and Veraverbeke, Sander and Andela, Niels and Lasslop, Gitta and Forkel, Matthias and Smith, Adam J. P. and Burton, Chantelle and Betts, Richard A. and van der Werf, Guido R. and Sitch, Stephen and Canadell, Josep G. and Santín, Cristina and Kolden, Crystal and Doerr, Stefan H. and Le Quéré, Corinne},
	urldate = {2024-08-22},
	date = {2022-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Global and Regional Trends and Drivers of Fire Under Climate Change.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Global and Regional Trends and Drivers of Fire Under Climate Change.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{simpson_determinants_2016,
	title = {Determinants of flammability in savanna grass species},
	volume = {104},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {0022-0477, 1365-2745},
	url = {https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2745.12503},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2745.12503},
	abstract = {Summary
            
              
                
                  Tropical grasses fuel the majority of fires on Earth. In fire‐prone landscapes, enhanced flammability may be adaptive for grasses via the maintenance of an open canopy and an increase in spatiotemporal opportunities for recruitment and regeneration. In addition, by burning intensely but briefly, high flammability may protect resprouting buds from lethal temperatures. Despite these potential benefits of high flammability to fire‐prone grasses, variation in flammability among grass species, and how trait differences underpin this variation, remains unknown.
                
                
                  By burning leaves and plant parts, we experimentally determined how five plant traits (biomass quantity, biomass density, biomass moisture content, leaf surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio and leaf effective heat of combustion) combined to determine the three components of flammability (ignitability, sustainability and combustibility) at the leaf and plant scales in 25 grass species of fire‐prone South African grasslands at a time of peak fire occurrence. The influence of evolutionary history on flammability was assessed based on a phylogeny built here for the study species.
                
                
                  Grass species differed significantly in all components of flammability. Accounting for evolutionary history helped to explain patterns in leaf‐scale combustibility and sustainability. The five measured plant traits predicted components of flammability, particularly leaf ignitability and plant combustibility in which 70\% and 58\% of variation, respectively, could be explained by a combination of the traits. Total above‐ground biomass was a key driver of combustibility and sustainability with high biomass species burning more intensely and for longer, and producing the highest predicted fire spread rates. Moisture content was the main influence on ignitability, where species with higher moisture contents took longer to ignite and once alight burnt at a slower rate. Biomass density, leaf surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio and leaf effective heat of combustion were weaker predictors of flammability components.
                
                
                  
                    Synthesis
                    . We demonstrate that grass flammability is predicted from easily measurable plant functional traits and is influenced by evolutionary history with some components showing phylogenetic signal. Grasses are not homogenous fuels to fire. Rather, species differ in functional traits that in turn demonstrably influence flammability. This diversity is consistent with the idea that flammability may be an adaptive trait for grasses of fire‐prone ecosystems.},
	pages = {138--148},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Ecology},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Ecology},
	author = {Simpson, Kimberley J. and Ripley, Brad S. and Christin, Pascal‐Antoine and Belcher, Claire M. and Lehmann, Caroline E. R. and Thomas, Gavin H. and Osborne, Colin P.},
	editor = {Cornelissen, Hans},
	urldate = {2024-08-22},
	date = {2016-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Determinants of flammability in savanna grass species.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Determinants of flammability in savanna grass species.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{searchinger_high_2015,
	title = {High carbon and biodiversity costs from converting Africa’s wet savannahs to cropland},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1758-678X, 1758-6798},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2584},
	doi = {10.1038/nclimate2584},
	pages = {481--486},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Nature Climate Change},
	shortjournal = {Nature Clim Change},
	author = {Searchinger, Timothy D. and Estes, Lyndon and Thornton, Philip K. and Beringer, Tim and Notenbaert, An and Rubenstein, Daniel and Heimlich, Ralph and Licker, Rachel and Herrero, Mario},
	urldate = {2024-08-22},
	date = {2015-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {High carbon and biodiversity costs from converting Africa’s wet savannahs to cropland.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\land-use\\High carbon and biodiversity costs from converting Africa’s wet savannahs to cropland.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{hoffmann_impact_2004,
	title = {Impact of the invasive alien grass \textit{Melinis minutiflora} at the savanna‐forest ecotone in the Brazilian Cerrado},
	volume = {10},
	rights = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/{termsAndConditions}\#vor},
	issn = {1366-9516, 1472-4642},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00063.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00063.x},
	abstract = {Exotic grasses are a serious threat to biodiversity in the cerrado savannas of central Brazil. Of particular concern is the possible role they may have in impeding tree regeneration at gallery (riverine) forest edges and increasing ﬁre intensity, thereby driving gallery forest retreat. Here we quantify the effect of roads and distance from gallery forests on the abundance of the African grass Melinis minutiﬂora Beauv. and test for an effect of this species on woody plant regeneration and leaf area index. Melinis was present at approximately 70\% of the sites near gallery forest edges, with its frequency declining sharply at greater distances from the edge. Melinis frequency was 2.8 times greater where roads were present nearby. Leaf area index ({LAI}) of the ground layer was 38\% higher where Melinis was present than where it was absent. {LAI} was strongly correlated to ﬁne fuel mass (r2 = 0.80), indicating higher fuel loads where Melinis was present. The abundance of tree and shrub species in the ground layer was negatively related to {LAI} and to the presence of Melinis. The greater fuel accumulation and reduced tree regeneration caused by Melinis may cause a net reduction in forest area by increasing ﬁre intensity at the gallery forest edge and slowing the rate of forest expansion.},
	pages = {99--103},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Diversity and Distributions},
	shortjournal = {Diversity and Distributions},
	author = {Hoffmann, William A. and Lucatelli, Verusca M. P. C. and Silva, Franciane J. and Azeuedo, Isaac N. C. and Marinho, Marcelo da S. and Albuquerque, Ana Maria S. and Lopes, Apoena de O. and Moreira, Silvana P.},
	urldate = {2024-08-22},
	date = {2004-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Impact of the invasive alien grass Melinis minutiflora at the savanna-forest ecotone in the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\Impact of the invasive alien grass Melinis minutiflora at the savanna-forest ecotone in the Brazilian Cerrado.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{setterfield_turning_2010,
	title = {Turning up the heat: the impacts of \textit{Andropogon gayanus} (gamba grass) invasion on fire behaviour in northern Australian savannas},
	volume = {16},
	rights = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/{termsAndConditions}\#vor},
	issn = {1366-9516, 1472-4642},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00688.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00688.x},
	shorttitle = {{BIODIVERSITY} {RESEARCH}},
	abstract = {Aim This study aimed to quantify changes in ﬁre severity resulting from the invasion of Australia’s tropical savannas by the African grass Andropogon gayanus Kunth. (gamba grass).},
	pages = {854--861},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Diversity and Distributions},
	shortjournal = {Diversity and Distributions},
	author = {Setterfield, Samantha A. and Rossiter‐Rachor, Natalie A. and Hutley, Lindsay B. and Douglas, Michael M. and Williams, Richard J.},
	urldate = {2024-08-22},
	date = {2010-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Turning up the heat the impacts of Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) invasion on fire behaviour in northern Australian savannas.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\savannahs\\Turning up the heat the impacts of Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) invasion on fire behaviour in northern Australian savannas.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ribeiro_time_2024,
	title = {The time since land-use transition drives changes in fire activity in the Amazon-Cerrado region},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2662-4435},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01248-3},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-024-01248-3},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Deforestation and climate change are expected to alter fire regimes along the Cerrado-Amazon transition, one of the world’s most active agricultural frontiers. Here we tested the hypothesis that the time since land-use transition (age of frontier) and agricultural intensification also drive changes in the region’s fire regimes by reducing fire probability in both drought and non-drought years. We modeled fire probability as a function of the time since land-use transitions based on {MapBiomas} Project datasets from 1986 to 2020. We find that, while burned area declined as pasturelands aged and croplands advanced, deforestation abruptly increased fire activity before (Amazon: 4 years; Cerrado: 3 years) and after (Amazon: 8 years; Cerrado: 7 years) land clearing for pasture, especially in the Amazon. Additionally, the combination of ignition risk, drought, and air-dryness increased the likelihood of large extents of burned areas associated with deforestation. Incorporating frontier age as a proxy for governance in fire modeling is crucial, given the ecological implications of changing fire regimes despite declining rates of fire probability. Most importantly, protecting against deforestation and preserving native vegetation are vital.},
	pages = {96},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Communications Earth \& Environment},
	shortjournal = {Commun Earth Environ},
	author = {Ribeiro, Andreia F. S. and Santos, Lucas and Randerson, James T. and Uribe, Maria R. and Alencar, Ane A. C. and Macedo, Marcia N. and Morton, Douglas C. and Zscheischler, Jakob and Silvestrini, Rafaella A. and Rattis, Ludmila and Seneviratne, Sonia I. and Brando, Paulo M.},
	urldate = {2024-08-23},
	date = {2024-02-21},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The time since land-use transition drives changes in fire activity in the Amazon-Cerrado region.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\land-use\\The time since land-use transition drives changes in fire activity in the Amazon-Cerrado region.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{keeley_evolutionary_2022,
	title = {Evolutionary Ecology of Fire},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {1543-592X, 1545-2069},
	url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102320-095612},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102320-095612},
	abstract = {Fire has been an ecosystem process since plants colonized land over 400 million years ago. Many diverse traits provide a fitness benefit following fires, and these adaptive traits vary with the fire regime. Some of these traits enhance fire survival, while others promote recruitment in the postfire environment. Demonstrating that these traits are fire adaptations is challenging, since many arose early in the paleontological record, although increasingly better fossil records and phylogenetic analysis make timing of these trait origins to fire more certain. Resprouting from the base of stems is the most widely distributed fire-adaptive trait, and it is likely to have evolved under a diversity of disturbance types. The origins of other traits like serotiny, thick bark, fire-stimulated germination, and postfire flowering are more tightly linked to fire. Fire-adaptive traits occur in many environments: boreal and temperate forests, Mediterranean-type climate ({MTC}) shrublands, savannas, and other grasslands. {MTC} ecosystems are distinct in that many taxa in different regions have lost the resprouting ability and depend solely on postfire recruitment for postfire recovery. This obligate seeding mode is perhaps the most vulnerable fire-adaptive syndrome in the face of current global change, particularly in light of increasing anthropogenic fire frequency.},
	pages = {203--225},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
	shortjournal = {Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.},
	author = {Keeley, Jon E. and Pausas, Juli G.},
	urldate = {2024-08-23},
	date = {2022-11-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Evolutionary Ecology of Fire.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Evolutionary Ecology of Fire.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{finco_monitoring_2012,
	title = {Monitoring Trends and Burn Severity ({MTBS}): Monitoring wildfire activity for the past quarter century using landsat data},
	abstract = {The Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity ({MTBS}) project is mapping the extent, size, and severity of all large fires greater than 1,000 acres in the west and 500 acres in the east over the conterminous United States ({CONUS}), Alaska, and Hawaii. In 2012 the project reached a milestone, completing the mapping for all fires between 1984 and 2010. The {MTBS} project produces geospatial and tabular data using a consistent protocol for fire trend analysis at a range of spatial, temporal, and thematic scales. This paper reviews the objectives of the {MTBS} project, describes the data sets and information provided, and presents results of the analysis of the 1984-2010 {MTBS} data set for the United States.},
	author = {Finco, Mark},
	date = {2012},
	langid = {english},
	file = {MONITORING TRENDS AND BURN SEVERITY (MTBS).pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\MONITORING TRENDS AND BURN SEVERITY (MTBS).pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{scott_burning_2018,
	location = {Oxford},
	edition = {First edition},
	title = {Burning planet: the story of fire through time},
	isbn = {978-0-19-873484-0},
	shorttitle = {Burning planet},
	abstract = {Raging wildfires have devastated vast areas of California and Australia in recent years, and predictions are that we will see more of the same in coming years as a result of climate change. But this is nothing new. Since the dawn of life on land, large-scale fires have played their part in shaping life on Earth. Andrew C. Scott tells the whole story of fire's impact on our planet's atmosphere, climate, vegetation, ecology, and the evolution of plant and animal life. It has caused mass extinctions, and it has propelled the spread of flowering plants. The exciting evidence we can now draw on has been preserved in fossilized charcoal, found in rocks hundreds of millions of years old, from all over the world. These reveal incredibly fine details of prehistoric plants, and tell us about climates from deep in earth's history. They also give us insight into how early hominids and humans tamed fire and used it. Looking at the impact of wildfires in our own time, Scott also looks forward to how we might better manage them in future, as climate change has an increasing effect on our world},
	pagetotal = {231},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Scott, Andrew C.},
	date = {2018},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Andrew C. Scott - Burning Planet_ The Story of Fire Through Time (2018, Oxford University Press) - libgen.lc.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\books\\Andrew C. Scott - Burning Planet_ The Story of Fire Through Time (2018, Oxford University Press) - libgen.lc.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{sankaran_determinants_2005,
	title = {Determinants of woody cover in African savannas},
	volume = {438},
	rights = {http://www.springer.com/tdm},
	issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04070},
	doi = {10.1038/nature04070},
	pages = {846--849},
	number = {7069},
	journaltitle = {Nature},
	shortjournal = {Nature},
	author = {Sankaran, Mahesh and Hanan, Niall P. and Scholes, Robert J. and Ratnam, Jayashree and Augustine, David J. and Cade, Brian S. and Gignoux, Jacques and Higgins, Steven I. and Le Roux, Xavier and Ludwig, Fulco and Ardo, Jonas and Banyikwa, Feetham and Bronn, Andries and Bucini, Gabriela and Caylor, Kelly K. and Coughenour, Michael B. and Diouf, Alioune and Ekaya, Wellington and Feral, Christie J. and February, Edmund C. and Frost, Peter G. H. and Hiernaux, Pierre and Hrabar, Halszka and Metzger, Kristine L. and Prins, Herbert H. T. and Ringrose, Susan and Sea, William and Tews, Jörg and Worden, Jeff and Zambatis, Nick},
	urldate = {2024-08-30},
	date = {2005-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Determinants of woody cover in African savannas.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\savannahs\\Determinants of woody cover in African savannas.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{veldman_toward_2015,
	title = {Toward an old-growth concept for grasslands, savannas, and woodlands},
	volume = {13},
	pages = {154--162},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	author = {Veldman, Joseph W and Buisson, Elise and Durigan, Giselda and Fernandes, G Wilson and Le Stradic, Soizig and Mahy, Gregory and Negreiros, Daniel and Overbeck, Gerhard E and Veldman, Robin G and Zaloumis, Nicholas P and {others}},
	date = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	file = {Toward an old‐growth concept for grasslands, savannas, and woodlands.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\savannahs\\Toward an old‐growth concept for grasslands, savannas, and woodlands.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{williams_australias_2017,
	title = {Australia’s tropical savannas: vast, ancient and rich landscapes},
	pages = {368--388},
	journaltitle = {Australian vegetation},
	author = {Williams, {RJ} and Cook, {GD} and Liedloff, {AC} and Bond, {WJ}},
	date = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press Cambridge},
}

@article{campagnolo_comprehensive_2021,
	title = {A comprehensive characterization of {MODIS} daily burned area mapping accuracy across fire sizes in tropical savannas},
	volume = {252},
	issn = {00344257},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425720304880},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2020.112115},
	abstract = {Daily global burned area mapping of Earth from remotely sensed data is of considerable interest and indicates a clear user need, despite well-known accuracy limitations. Many studies report global and regional indicators of spatial and temporal accuracy to evaluate the quality of burned area products, but tend to rely on relatively sparse validation data. In this paper, an extensive validation data set covering 223 million ha over the Brazilian Cerrado for the 2015 fire season is used to thoroughly evaluate how the accuracy of burned area products relying on distinct spectral channels ({SWIR}+{NIR} versus {NIR}) and spatial resolution (250 m, 500 m, and both) depends on fire size.},
	pages = {112115},
	journaltitle = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	shortjournal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	author = {Campagnolo, M.L. and Libonati, R. and Rodrigues, J.A. and Pereira, J.M.C.},
	urldate = {2024-09-14},
	date = {2021-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {A comprehensive characterization of MODIS daily burned area mapping accuracy across fire sizes in tropical savannas.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\A comprehensive characterization of MODIS daily burned area mapping accuracy across fire sizes in tropical savannas.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{libonati_twenty-first_2021,
	title = {Twenty-first century droughts have not increasingly exacerbated fire season severity in the Brazilian Amazon},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-82158-8},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-82158-8},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Biomass burning in the Brazilian Amazon is modulated by climate factors, such as droughts, and by human factors, such as deforestation, and land management activities. The increase in forest fires during drought years has led to the hypothesis that fire activity decoupled from deforestation during the twenty-first century. However, assessment of the hypothesis relied on an incorrect active fire dataset, which led to an underestimation of the decreasing trend in fire activity and to an inflated rank for year 2015 in terms of active fire counts. The recent correction of that database warrants a reassessment of the relationships between deforestation and fire. Contrasting with earlier findings, we show that the exacerbating effect of drought on fire season severity did not increase from 2003 to 2015 and that the record-breaking dry conditions of 2015 had the least impact on fire season of all twenty-first century severe droughts. Overall, our results for the same period used in the study that originated the fire-deforestation decoupling hypothesis (2003–2015) show that decoupling was clearly weaker than initially proposed. Extension of the study period up to 2019, and novel analysis of trends in fire types and fire intensity strengthened this conclusion. Therefore, the role of deforestation as a driver of fire activity in the region should not be underestimated and must be taken into account when implementing measures to protect the Amazon forest.},
	pages = {4400},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
	shortjournal = {Sci Rep},
	author = {Libonati, R. and Pereira, J. M. C. and Da Camara, C. C. and Peres, L. F. and Oom, D. and Rodrigues, J. A. and Santos, F. L. M. and Trigo, R. M. and Gouveia, C. M. P. and Machado-Silva, F. and Enrich-Prast, A. and Silva, J. M. N.},
	urldate = {2024-09-14},
	date = {2021-02-23},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Twenty-first century droughts have not increasingly exacerbated fire season severity in the Brazilian Amazon.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Twenty-first century droughts have not increasingly exacerbated fire season severity in the Brazilian Amazon.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{haas_global_2022,
	title = {Global environmental controls on wildfire burnt area, size, and intensity},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1748-9326},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac6a69},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ac6a69},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Fire is an important influence on the global patterns of vegetation structure and composition. Wildfire is included as a distinct process in many dynamic global vegetation models but limited current understanding of fire regimes restricts these models’ ability to reproduce more than the broadest geographic patterns. Here we present a statistical analysis of the global controls of remotely sensed burnt area ({BA}), fire size ({FS}), and a derived metric related to fire intensity ({FI}). Separate generalized linear models were fitted to observed monthly fractional {BA} from the Global Fire Emissions Database ({GFEDv}4), median {FS} from the Global Fire Atlas, and median fire radiative power from the {MCD}14ML dataset normalized by the square root of median {FS}. The three models were initially constructed from a common set of 16 predictors; only the strongest predictors for each model were retained in the final models. It is shown that {BA} is primarily driven by fuel availability and dryness; {FS} by conditions promoting fire spread; and {FI} by fractional tree cover and road density. Both {BA} and {FS} are constrained by landscape fragmentation, whereas {FI} is constrained by fuel moisture. Ignition sources (lightning and human population) were positively related to {BA} (after accounting for road density), but negatively to {FI}. These findings imply that the different controls on {BA}, {FS} and {FI} need to be considered in process-based models. They highlight the need to include measures of landscape fragmentation as well as fuel load and dryness, and to pay close attention to the controls of fire spread.},
	pages = {065004},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Research Letters},
	shortjournal = {Environ. Res. Lett.},
	author = {Haas, Olivia and Prentice, Iain Colin and Harrison, Sandy P},
	urldate = {2024-09-14},
	date = {2022-06-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Global environmental controls on wildfire burnt area, size, and intensity.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Global environmental controls on wildfire burnt area, size, and intensity.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{santos_prescribed_2021,
	title = {Prescribed Burning Reduces Large, High-Intensity Wildfires and Emissions in the Brazilian Savanna},
	volume = {4},
	rights = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {2571-6255},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/4/3/56},
	doi = {10.3390/fire4030056},
	abstract = {Brazil has recently (2014) changed from a zero-ﬁre policy to an Integrated Fire Management ({IFM}) program with the active use of prescribed burning ({PB}) in federal Protected Areas ({PA}) and Indigenous Territories ({IT}) of the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado). {PB} is commonly applied in the management of ﬁre-prone ecosystems to mitigate large, high-intensity wildﬁres, the associated emissions, and high ﬁre suppression costs. However, the effectiveness of such ﬁre management in reducing large wildﬁres and emissions over Brazil remains mostly unevaluated. Here, we aim to ﬁll the gap in the scientiﬁc evidence of the {PB} beneﬁts by relying on the most up-to-date, satellitederived ﬁre datasets of burned area ({BA}), ﬁre size, duration, emissions, and intensity from 2003 to 2018. We focused on two Cerrado {ITs} with different sizes and hydrological regimes, Xerente and Araguaia, where {IFM} has been in place since 2015. To understand ﬁre regime dynamics, we divided the study period into three phases according to the prevalent ﬁre policy and the individual ﬁre scars into four size classes. We considered two ﬁre seasons: management ﬁre season ({MFS}, which goes from rainy to mid-dry season, when {PBs} are undertaken) and wildﬁres season ({WFS}, when {PBs} are not performed and ﬁres tend to grow out of control). Our results show that the implementation of the {IFM} program was responsible for a decrease of the areas affected by high ﬁre recurrence in Xerente and Araguaia, when compared with the Zero Fire Phase (2008–2013). In both regions, {PB} effectively reduced the large wildﬁres occurrence, the number of medium and large scars, ﬁre intensity, and emissions, changing the prevalent ﬁre season from the {WFS} to the {MFS}. Such reductions are signiﬁcant since {WFS} causes higher negative impacts on biodiversity conservation and higher greenhouse gas emissions. We conclude that the effect on wildﬁres can still be reduced if effective ﬁre management policies, including {PB}, continue to be implemented during the coming decades.},
	pages = {56},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Fire},
	shortjournal = {Fire},
	author = {Santos, Filippe L.M. and Nogueira, Joana and Souza, Rodrigo A. F. de and Falleiro, Rodrigo M. and Schmidt, Isabel B. and Libonati, Renata},
	urldate = {2024-09-14},
	date = {2021-09-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Prescribed Burning Reduces Large, High-Intensity Wildfires and Emissions in the Brazilian Savanna.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Prescribed Burning Reduces Large, High-Intensity Wildfires and Emissions in the Brazilian Savanna.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{de_andrade_implementation_2021,
	title = {Implementation of Fire Policies in Brazil: An Assessment of Fire Dynamics in Brazilian Savanna},
	volume = {13},
	rights = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {2071-1050},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/20/11532},
	doi = {10.3390/su132011532},
	shorttitle = {Implementation of Fire Policies in Brazil},
	abstract = {In 2012, the Brazilian government implemented the Federal Brigades Program ({FBP}), a ﬁre policy strategy to hire and train ﬁreﬁghters to combat wildﬁres. This study analyzed the impact of this program on ﬁre behavior before (2008–2012) and after (2013–2017) its implementation in the Parque do Araguaia Indigenous Land, the largest indigenous territory with the highest occurrence of ﬁres in the Brazilian tropical savanna. We analyzed the annual pattern of ﬁre incidence in the dry season, the ﬁre impact per vegetation type, the recurrence, and the relationship between ﬁre and precipitation. The datasets were based on active ﬁre products derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ({MODIS}), the Landsat and Resourcesat-based burned area products, and the records of the ﬁre combat operations. Our results showed that {FBP} contributed to the reduction of the number of areas affected by ﬁres and to the formation of a more heterogeneous environment composed of ﬁre-resistant and ﬁre-sensitive native vegetation fragments. On the other hand, after the implementation of the {FBP}, there was an increase in the recurrence of 3–4 years of ﬁres. We concluded that the {FBP} is an important public policy capable of providing improvements in ﬁre management activities.},
	pages = {11532},
	number = {20},
	journaltitle = {Sustainability},
	shortjournal = {Sustainability},
	author = {de Andrade, Ananda Santa Rosa and Ramos, Rossano Marchetti and Sano, Edson Eyji and Libonati, Renata and Santos, Filippe Lemos Maia and Rodrigues, Julia Abrantes and Giongo, Marcos and da Franca, Rafael Rodrigues and Laranja, Ruth Elias de Paula},
	urldate = {2024-09-14},
	date = {2021-10-19},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Implementation of Fire Policies in Brazil An Assessment of Fire Dynamics in Brazilian Savanna.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\fires\\Implementation of Fire Policies in Brazil An Assessment of Fire Dynamics in Brazilian Savanna.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{knorr_impact_2014,
	title = {Impact of human population density on fire frequency at the global scale},
	volume = {11},
	rights = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {1726-4189},
	url = {https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/11/1085/2014/},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-11-1085-2014},
	abstract = {Human impact on wildﬁres, a major earth system component, remains poorly understood. While local studies have found more ﬁres close to settlements and roads, assimilated charcoal records and analyses of regional ﬁre patterns from remote-sensing observations point to a decline in ﬁre frequency with increasing human population. Here, we present a global analysis using three multi-year satellitebased burned-area products combined with a parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis with a non-linear model. We show that at the global scale, the impact of increasing population density is mainly to reduce ﬁre frequency. Only for areas with up to 0.1 people per km2, we ﬁnd that ﬁre frequency increases by 10 to 20 \% relative to its value at no population. The results are robust against choice of burned-area data set, and indicate that at only very few places on earth, ﬁre frequency is limited by human ignitions. Applying the results to historical population estimates results in a moderate but accelerating decline of global burned area by around 14 \% since 1800, with most of the decline since 1950.},
	pages = {1085--1102},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Biogeosciences},
	shortjournal = {Biogeosciences},
	author = {Knorr, W. and Kaminski, T. and Arneth, A. and Weber, U.},
	urldate = {2024-09-20},
	date = {2014-02-26},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Impact of human population density on fire frequency at the global scale.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\fires\\Impact of human population density on fire frequency at the global scale.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{biomas_sistema_2019,
	title = {Sistema Costeiro-Marinho do Brasil: compatível com a escala 1: 250.000},
	volume = {45},
	journaltitle = {Série Relatórios Metodológicos},
	author = {Biomas, {IBGE}},
	date = {2019},
}

@incollection{henriques_patterns_2002,
	title = {Patterns and dynamics of plant populations},
	pages = {140--158},
	booktitle = {The cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	author = {Henriques, Raimundo {PB} and Hay, John D},
	date = {2002},
}

@incollection{oliveira-filho_vegetation_2002,
	title = {Vegetation physiognomies and woody flora of the cerrado biome},
	pages = {91--120},
	booktitle = {The cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	author = {Oliveira-Filho, Ary T and Ratter, James A},
	date = {2002},
}

@article{de_l_dantas_fire_2013,
	title = {Fire drives functional thresholds on the savanna–forest transition},
	volume = {94},
	pages = {2454--2463},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Ecology},
	author = {de L. Dantas, Vinícius and Batalha, Marco A and Pausas, Juli G},
	date = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
}

@incollection{hoffmann_role_2002,
	title = {The role of fire in population dynamics of woody plants},
	pages = {159--177},
	booktitle = {The Cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	author = {Hoffmann, William A and Moreira, Adriana G},
	date = {2002},
}

@article{machado_estimativa_2016,
	title = {Estimativa de perda da área do Cerrado brasileiro},
        journaltitle = {Relatório Técnico Não Publicado, Conservation International do Brasil, Brasília},
	author = {Machado, Ricardo B},
	date = {2016},
}

@article{machado_why_2024,
	title = {Why is it so easy to undergo devegetation in the Brazilian Cerrado?},
	journaltitle = {Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation},
	author = {Machado, Ricardo B and Aguiar, Ludmilla {MS} and Bustamante, Mercedes {MC}},
	date = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@article{soterroni_expanding_2019,
	title = {Expanding the soy moratorium to Brazil’s Cerrado},
	volume = {5},
	pages = {eaav7336},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Science advances},
	author = {Soterroni, Aline C and Ramos, Fernando M and Mosnier, Aline and Fargione, Joseph and Andrade, Pedro R and Baumgarten, Leandro and Pirker, Johannes and Obersteiner, Michael and Kraxner, Florian and Câmara, Gilberto and {others}},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
}

@article{soares-filho_cracking_2014,
	title = {Cracking Brazil's forest code},
	volume = {344},
	pages = {363--364},
	number = {6182},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	author = {Soares-Filho, Britaldo and Rajão, Raoni and Macedo, Marcia and Carneiro, Arnaldo and Costa, William and Coe, Michael and Rodrigues, Hermann and Alencar, Ane},
	date = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
}

@article{konduri_tracking_2023,
	title = {Tracking changes in vegetation structure following fire in the Cerrado biome using {ICESat}-2},
	volume = {128},
	pages = {e2022JG007046},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
	author = {Konduri, Venkata Shashank and Morton, Douglas C and Andela, Niels},
	date = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
}

@article{ibge_censo_2023,
	title = {Censo Demográfico 2022: Quilombolas: primeiros resultados do universo},
	journaltitle = {Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística},
	author = {{IBGE}},
	date = {2023},
}

@article{van_wilgen_fire_2000,
	title = {A fire history of the savanna ecosystems in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, between 1941 and 1996},
	volume = {96},
	pages = {167--178},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {South African Journal of Science},
	author = {Van Wilgen, {BW} and Biggs, {HC} and O'Reagan, {SP} and Mare, N},
	date = {2000},
	note = {Publisher: Academy of Science for South Africa ({ASSAf})},
}

@book{chuvieco_fundamentals_2020,
	title = {Fundamentals of satellite remote sensing: An environmental approach},
	publisher = {{CRC} press},
	author = {Chuvieco, Emilio},
	date = {2020},
}

@article{andela_tracking_2022,
	title = {Tracking and classifying Amazon fire events in near real time},
	volume = {8},
	pages = {eabd2713},
	number = {30},
	journaltitle = {Science advances},
	author = {Andela, Niels and Morton, Douglas C and Schroeder, Wilfrid and Chen, Yang and Brando, Paulo M and Randerson, James T},
	date = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
}

@inproceedings{libonati_spatio-temporal_2015,
	title = {Spatio-temporal variability of burned area over Brazil for the period 2005–2010 using {MODIS} data},
	pages = {25--29},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {XVII} Brazilian Symposium on Remote Sensing},
	author = {Libonati, Renata and {DaCamara}, Carlos and Setzer, Alberto W and Morelli, Fabiano},
	date = {2015},
}

@article{franke_prescribed_2024,
	title = {Prescribed burning and integrated fire management in the Brazilian Cerrado: demonstrated impacts and scale-up potential for emission abatement},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Research Letters},
	author = {Franke, Jonas and Sena Barradas, Ana Carolina and Resende Borges, Kelly Maria and Hoffmann, Anja A and Orozco Filho, Juan Carlos and Marchetti Ramos, Rossano and Steil, Lara and Roman-Cuesta, Rosa Maria},
	date = {2024},
}

@article{lughofer_dynamic_2012,
	title = {A dynamic split-and-merge approach for evolving cluster models},
	volume = {3},
	rights = {http://www.springer.com/tdm},
	issn = {1868-6478, 1868-6486},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12530-012-9046-5},
	doi = {10.1007/s12530-012-9046-5},
	abstract = {This paper describes new dynamic split-andmerge operations for evolving cluster models, which are learned incrementally and expanded on-the-ﬂy from data streams. These operations are necessary to resolve the effects of cluster fusion and cluster delamination, which may appear over time in data stream learning. We propose two new criteria for cluster merging: a touching and a homogeneity criterion for two ellipsoidal clusters. The splitting criterion for an updated cluster applies a 2-means algorithm to its sub-samples and compares the quality of the split cluster with that of the original cluster by using a penalized Bayesian information criterion; the cluster partition of higher quality is retained for the next incremental update cycle. This new approach is evaluated using twodimensional and high-dimensional streaming clustering data sets, where feature ranges are extended and clusters evolve over time—and on two large streams of classiﬁcation data, each containing around 500K samples. The results show that the new split-and-merge approach (a) produces more reliable cluster partitions than conventional evolving clustering techniques and (b) reduces impurity and entropy of cluster partitions evolved on the classiﬁcation data sets.},
	pages = {135--151},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Evolving Systems},
	shortjournal = {Evolving Systems},
	author = {Lughofer, Edwin},
	urldate = {2024-10-02},
	date = {2012-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {A dynamic split-and-merge approach for evolving cluster models.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\projects\\_chapter02\\docs\\clustering_algorithms\\A dynamic split-and-merge approach for evolving cluster models.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{setty_loss_2023,
	title = {Loss of Earth system resilience during early Eocene transient global warming events},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ade5466},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.ade5466},
	abstract = {Superimposed on long-term late Paleocene–early Eocene warming ({\textasciitilde}59 to 52 million years ago), Earth’s climate experienced a series of abrupt perturbations, characterized by massive carbon input into the ocean-atmosphere system and global warming. Here, we examine the three most punctuated events of this period, the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum and Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 and 3, to probe whether they were initiated by climate-driven carbon cycle tipping points. Specifically, we analyze the dynamics of climate and carbon cycle indicators acquired from marine sediments to detect changes in Earth system resilience and to identify positive feedbacks. Our analyses suggest a loss of Earth system resilience toward all three events. Moreover, dynamic convergent cross mapping reveals intensifying coupling between the carbon cycle and climate during the long-term warming trend, supporting increasingly dominant climate forcing of carbon cycle dynamics during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum when these recurrent global warming events became more frequent.
          , 
            Eocene transient global warming events caused by loss of Earth System resilience and subsequent carbon cycle tipping-points.},
	pages = {eade5466},
	number = {14},
	journaltitle = {Science Advances},
	shortjournal = {Sci. Adv.},
	author = {Setty, Shruti and Cramwinckel, Margot J. and van Nes, Egbert H. and van de Leemput, Ingrid A. and Dijkstra, Henk A. and Lourens, Lucas J and Scheffer, Marten and Sluijs, Appy},
	urldate = {2024-10-02},
	date = {2023-04-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Loss of Earth system resilience during early Eocene transient global warming events.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\technical\\Loss of Earth system resilience during early Eocene transient global warming events.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{morandi_tree_2020,
	title = {Tree diversity and above-ground biomass in the South America Cerrado biome and their conservation implications},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0960-3115, 1572-9710},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10531-018-1589-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-018-1589-8},
	abstract = {Less than half of the original two million square kilometers of the Cerrado vegetation remains standing, and there are still many uncertainties as to how to conserve and prioritize remaining areas effectively. A key limitation is the continuing lack of geographicallyextensive evaluation of ecosystem-level properties across the biome. Here we sought to address this gap by comparing the woody vegetation of the typical cerrado of the Cerrado–Amazonia Transition with that of the core area of the Cerrado in terms of both tree diversity and vegetation biomass. We used 21 one-hectare plots in the transition and 18 in the core to compare key structural parameters (tree height, basal area, and above-ground biomass), and diversity metrics between the regions. We also evaluated the effects of temperature and precipitation on biomass, as well as explored the species diversity versus biomass relationship. We found, for the first time, both that the typical cerrado at the transition holds substantially more biomass than at the core, and that higher temperature and greater precipitation can explain this difference. By contrast, plot-level alpha diversity was almost identical in the two regions. Finally, contrary to some theoretical expectations, we found no positive relationship between species diversity and biomass for the Cerrado woody vegetation. This has implications for the development of effective conservation measures, given that areas with high biomass and importance for the compensation of greenhouse gas emissions are often not those with the greatest diversity.},
	pages = {1519--1536},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	shortjournal = {Biodivers Conserv},
	author = {Morandi, Paulo S. and Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes and Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur and Ratter, James A. and Feldpausch, Ted R. and Colli, Guarino Rinaldi and Munhoz, Cássia Beatriz Rodrigues and da Silva Júnior, Manoel Cláudio and de Souza Lima, Edson and Haidar, Ricardo Flores and Arroyo, Luzmila and Murakami, Alejandro Araujo and de Góis Aquino, Fabiana and Walter, Bruno Machado Teles and Ribeiro, José Felipe and Françoso, Renata and Elias, Fernando and de Oliveira, Edmar Almeida and Reis, Simone Matias and de Oliveira, Bianca and das Neves, Eder Carvalho and Nogueira, Denis Silva and Lima, Herson Souza and de Carvalho, Tatiane Pires and Rodrigues, Silvo Alves and Villarroel, Daniel and Felfili, Jeanine M. and Phillips, Oliver L.},
	urldate = {2024-10-03},
	date = {2020-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Tree diversity and above-ground biomass in the South America Cerrado biome and their conservation implications.pdf:C\:\\Users\\scat8298\\OneDrive - Nexus365\\Documents\\carlota\\literature\\articles\\cerrado\\Tree diversity and above-ground biomass in the South America Cerrado biome and their conservation implications.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@incollection{franco_10_2002,
	location = {New York Chichester, West Sussex},
	title = {10. Ecophysiology of Woody Plants},
	isbn = {978-0-231-50596-3},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.7312/oliv12042-009},
	pages = {178--198},
	booktitle = {Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Savanna},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	author = {Franco, Augusto C.},
	editor = {Oliveira, Paulo S. and Marquis, Robert J.},
	urldate = {2024-10-03},
	date = {2002},
	doi = {doi:10.7312/oliv12042-009},
}

@article{jones_state_2024,
	title = {State of Wildfires 2023–2024},
	volume = {16},
	pages = {3601--3685},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Earth System Science Data},
	author = {Jones, Matthew W and Kelley, Douglas I and Burton, Chantelle A and Di Giuseppe, Francesca and Barbosa, Maria Lucia F and Brambleby, Esther and Hartley, Andrew J and Lombardi, Anna and Mataveli, Guilherme and McNorton, Joe R and {others}},
	date = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany},
}

@article{ramo_african_2021-1,
	title = {African burned area and fire carbon emissions are strongly impacted by small fires undetected by coarse resolution satellite data},
	volume = {118},
	pages = {e2011160118},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Ramo, Ruben and Roteta, Ekhi and Bistinas, Ioannis and Van Wees, Dave and Bastarrika, Aitor and Chuvieco, Emilio and Van der Werf, Guido R},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: National Acad Sciences},
}

@article{silva_climate_2024,
	title = {Climate Change and Fire: The Case of Cerrado, the Brazilian Savanna},
	pages = {87--105},
	journaltitle = {Climate Change and Regional Socio-Economic Systems in the Global South: Resilience Strategies for Sustainable Development},
	author = {Silva, Patrícia S and Libonati, Renata and Schmidt, Isabel B and Nogueira, Joana and {DaCamara}, Carlos C},
	date = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
}

@inproceedings{ferreira_stochastic_2023,
	title = {Stochastic Model for Wildfire Simulation Based on the Characteristics of the Brazilian Cerrado},
	pages = {487--496},
	booktitle = {International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Ferreira, Heitor F and Tinoco, Claudiney R and Martins, Luiz {GA} and Oliveira, Gina {MB}},
	date = {2023},
}

@article{van_der_werf_global_2017,
	title = {Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016},
	volume = {9},
	url = {https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/9/697/2017/},
	doi = {10.5194/essd-9-697-2017},
	pages = {697--720},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Earth System Science Data},
	author = {van der Werf, G. R. and Randerson, J. T. and Giglio, L. and van Leeuwen, T. T. and Chen, Y. and Rogers, B. M. and Mu, M. and van Marle, M. J. E. and Morton, D. C. and Collatz, G. J. and Yokelson, R. J. and Kasibhatla, P. S.},
	date = {2017},
}

@article{irons_next_2012,
	title = {The next Landsat satellite: The Landsat data continuity mission},
	volume = {122},
	pages = {11--21},
	journaltitle = {Remote sensing of environment},
	author = {Irons, James R and Dwyer, John L and Barsi, Julia A},
	date = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@article{hersbach2020era5,
  title={The ERA5 global reanalysis},
  author={Hersbach, Hans and Bell, Bill and Berrisford, Paul and Hirahara, Shoji and Hor{\'a}nyi, Andr{\'a}s and Mu{\~n}oz-Sabater, Joaqu{\'\i}n and Nicolas, Julien and Peubey, Carole and Radu, Raluca and Schepers, Dinand and others},
  journal={Quarterly journal of the royal meteorological society},
  volume={146},
  number={730},
  pages={1999--2049},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{said2017towards,
  title={Towards a global lightning locating system.},
  author={Said, Ryan},
  journal={Weather (00431656)},
  volume={72},
  number={2},
  year={2017}
}

@article{pohjola2013comparison,
  title={The comparison of GLD360 and EUCLID lightning location systems in Europe},
  author={Pohjola, Heikki and M{\"a}kel{\"a}, Antti},
  journal={Atmospheric research},
  volume={123},
  pages={117--128},
  year={2013},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{dwyer2014physics,
  title={The physics of lightning},
  author={Dwyer, Joseph R and Uman, Martin A},
  journal={Physics Reports},
  volume={534},
  number={4},
  pages={147--241},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{kauffman1994relationships,
  title={Relationships of fire, biomass and nutrient dynamics along a vegetation gradient in the Brazilian cerrado},
  author={Kauffman, J Boone and Cummings, DL and Ward, DE},
  journal={Journal of ecology},
  pages={519--531},
  year={1994},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@article{miranda1993efeitos,
  title={Efeitos de diferentes regimes de queima na estrutura e din{\^a}mica de comunidades de cerrado},
  author={Miranda, AC and Miranda, HS},
  journal={Relato{\^A}rio final. Brasilia, DF: Departmento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasilia},
  year={1993}
}

@article{oliveira1996influencia,
  title={Influ{\^e}ncia do fogo na flora{\c{c}}{\~a}o de esp{\'e}cies de Orchidaceae em cerrado},
  author={Oliveira, RS and Batista, JAN and Proen{\c{c}}a, CEB and Bianchetti, L},
  journal={Impactos de queimadas em {\'a}reas de cerrado e restinga},
  pages={61--67},
  year={1996}
}

@article{medeiros2008post,
  title={Post-fire resprouting and mortality in cerrado woody plant species over a three-year period},
  author={Medeiros, MB and Miranda, HS},
  journal={Edinburgh Journal of Botany},
  volume={65},
  number={1},
  pages={53--68},
  year={2008},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{pinheiro2009dinamica,
  title={Din{\^a}mica espa{\c{c}}o-temporal (1962-2006) das fitofisionomias em unidade de conserva{\c{c}}{\~a}o do Cerrado no sudeste do Brasil},
  author={Pinheiro, Eduardo Da Silva and Durigan, Giselda},
  journal={Brazilian Journal of Botany},
  volume={32},
  pages={441--454},
  year={2009},
  publisher={SciELO Brasil}
}

@incollection{klink2002past,
  title={Past and current human occupation, and land use},
  author={Klink, Carlos A and Moreira, Adriana G},
  booktitle={The cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna},
  pages={69--88},
  year={2002},
  publisher={Columbia University Press}
}

@article{hoffmann1996effects,
  title={The effects of fire and cover on seedling establishment in a neotropical savanna},
  author={Hoffmann, William A},
  journal={Journal of ecology},
  pages={383--393},
  year={1996},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@article{dantas2020megafauna,
  title={Megafauna biogeography explains plant functional trait variability in the tropics},
  author={Dantas, Vinicius L and Pausas, Juli G},
  journal={Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  volume={29},
  number={8},
  pages={1288--1298},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{doughty2016impact,
  title={The impact of the megafauna extinctions on savanna woody cover in South America},
  author={Doughty, Christopher E and Faurby, S{\o}ren and Svenning, Jens-Christian},
  journal={Ecography},
  volume={39},
  number={2},
  pages={213--222},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{prates2021late,
  title={Late Pleistocene South American megafaunal extinctions associated with rise of Fishtail points and human population},
  author={Prates, Luciano and Perez, S Ivan},
  journal={Nature communications},
  volume={12},
  number={1},
  pages={2175},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Nature Publishing Group UK London}
}

@article{vialou2017peopling,
  title={Peopling South America's centre: the late Pleistocene site of Santa Elina},
  author={Vialou, Denis and Benabdelhadi, Mohammed and Feathers, James and Fontugne, Michel and Vialou, Agueda Vilhena},
  journal={antiquity},
  volume={91},
  number={358},
  pages={865--884},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{araujo2025human,
  title={Human-environment interaction during the Holocene in Eastern South America: Rapid climate changes and population dynamics},
  author={Araujo, Astolfo GM and Correa, Let{\'\i}cia Cristina and Perez, Glauco Constantino and Di Gregorio, Enrico Dalmas and Okumura, Mercedes},
  journal={PloS one},
  volume={20},
  number={2},
  pages={e0315747},
  year={2025},
  publisher={Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA}
}

@article{araujo2006human,
  title={Human occupation and paleoenvironments in South America: expanding the notion of an “Archaic Gap”},
  author={Araujo, Astolfo G de M and Pilo, Lu{\'\i}s B and Neves, Walter A and Atui, Jo{\~a}o Paulo V},
  journal={Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia},
  number={15-16},
  pages={3--35},
  year={2006}
}

@article{cassino2023millennial,
  title={Millennial-scale variability of water supply, vegetation and fire activity on a tropical wetland in central Brazil},
  author={Cassino, Raquel Franco and Sabino, Shirley Maria Lima and Caixeta, Mariana Let{\'\i}cia and De Oliveira, Diego Alves and Gomes, Mak{\^e}nia Oliveira Soares and Sant'Anna, Eneida Maria Eskinazi and Augustin, Cristina Helena Ribeiro Rocha},
  journal={Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
  volume={619},
  pages={111545},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{escobar2024long,
  title={Long-and short-term vegetation change and inferred climate dynamics and anthropogenic activity in the central Cerrado during the Holocene},
  author={Escobar-Torrez, Katerine and Ledru, Marie-Pierre and Cassino, Raquel Franco and Bianchini, Paula Ribeiro and Yokoyama, Elder},
  journal={Journal of Quaternary Science},
  volume={39},
  number={1},
  pages={130--144},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{behling2003late,
  title={Late glacial and Holocene vegetation, climate and fire history inferred from Lagoa Nova in the southeastern Brazilian lowland},
  author={Behling, Hermann},
  journal={Vegetation History and Archaeobotany},
  volume={12},
  pages={263--270},
  year={2003},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{cassino2020vegetation,
  title={Vegetation and fire variability in the central Cerrados (Brazil) during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition was influenced by oscillations in the SASM boundary belt},
  author={Cassino, Raquel Franco and Ledru, Marie-Pierre and de Almeida Santos, Rudney and Favier, Charly},
  journal={Quaternary Science Reviews},
  volume={232},
  pages={106209},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{salgado1997late,
  title={Late Quaternary vegetational and climatic changes in cerrado and palm swamp from Central Brazil},
  author={Salgado-Labouriau, Maria L{\'e}a and Casseti, Valter and Ferraz-Vicentini, Katia Regina and Martin, Louis and Soubi{\`e}s, Fran{\c{c}}ois and Suguio, Kemitiro and Turcq, Bruno},
  journal={Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
  volume={128},
  number={1-4},
  pages={215--226},
  year={1997},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{arruda2018vegetation,
  title={Vegetation cover of Brazil in the last 21 ka: New insights into the Amazonian refugia and Pleistocenic arc hypotheses},
  author={Arruda, Daniel M and Schaefer, Carlos EGR and Fonseca, Rubia S and Solar, Ricardo RC and Fernandes-Filho, Elp{\'\i}dio I},
  journal={Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  volume={27},
  number={1},
  pages={47--56},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{mota2019landscape,
  title={Landscape and firewood use in Toca do Boqueir{\~a}o da Pedra Furada (Piau{\'\i}, Brazil) during early and Mid-Holocene},
  author={Mota, Leidiana and Scheel-Ybert, Rita},
  journal={Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports},
  volume={23},
  pages={281--290},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{johnson2009ecological,
  title={Ecological consequences of Late Quaternary extinctions of megafauna},
  author={Johnson, Christopher N},
  journal={Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
  volume={276},
  number={1667},
  pages={2509--2519},
  year={2009},
  publisher={The Royal Society London}
}